340 likes | 452 Views
Chapter 8. Cell Reproduction. In a eukaryotic cell, one of the structures in the nucleus that is made up of DNA and protein; in a prokaryotic cell, the main ring of DNA. Chromosome. A type of protein molecule found in the chromosomes of eukaryotic cells but not prokaryotic cells. Histone.
E N D
Chapter 8 Cell Reproduction
In a eukaryotic cell, one of the structures in the nucleus that is made up of DNA and protein; in a prokaryotic cell, the main ring of DNA Chromosome
A type of protein molecule found in the chromosomes of eukaryotic cells but not prokaryotic cells Histone
One of the two strands of a chromosome that become visible during meiosis or mitosis Chromatid
The region of the chromosome that holds the two sister chromatids together during mitosis Centromere
The material that makes up both mitotic and interphase chromosomes; a complex of proteins and DNA strands that are loosely coiled such that translation and transcription can occur Chromatin
One of the pair of chromosomes that determines the sex of an individualXX = FemaleXY = Male Sex chromosome
Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes, that have the same structure, and that pair during meiosis Homologous chromosome
A micrograph of the array of chromosomes visible in a cell during metaphase; a graphical display that shows an individual’s chromosomes arranged in homologous pairs and in order of diminishing size Karyotype
A cell that contains two haploid sets of chromosomes Diploid
Describes a cell, nucleus, or organism that has only one set of unpaired chromosomes Haploid
A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size Binary Fission
In eukaryotic cells, the cell organelle that is surrounded by two membranes and that is the site of cellular respiration, which produces ATP Mitosis
Reproduction that does not involve the union of games and in which a single parent produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent Asexual Reproduction
A process in cell division during which the number of chromosomes decreases to half the original number by two divisions of the nucleus, which results in the production of sex cells (gametes or spores) Meiosis
A haploid reproductive cell that unites with another haploid reproductive cell to form a zygote Gamete
A period between two mitotic or meiotic divisions during which the cell grows, copies its DNA, and synthesizes proteins Interphase
The division of the cytoplasm of a cell; cytokinesis follows the division of the cell’s nucleus by mitosis or meiosis Cytokinesis
The first stage of mitosis and meiosis in cell division; characterized by the condensation of the chromosomes and the dissolution of the nuclear envelope Prophase
One of the microtubules that extend across a dividing eukaryotic cell; assists in the movement of chromosomes Spindle fiber
One of the stages of mitosis and meiosis, during which all of the chromosomes move to the cell’s equator Metaphase
A phase of mitosis and meiosis in which the chromosomes separate Anaphase
The final stage of mitosis or meiosis, during which a nuclear membrane forms around each set of new chromosomes Telophase
The precursor of a new plant cell wall that forms during cell division and divides a cell into two Cell Plate
The pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis Synapsis
The four chromatids in a pair of homologous chromosomes that come together as a result of synapsis during meiosis Tetrad
The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis; can result in genetic recombination Crossing-over
The regrouping of genes in an offspring that results in a genetic makeup that is different from that of the parents Genetic Recombination
The random distribution of the pairs of genes on different chromosomes to the gametes Independent Assortment
The process by which male gametes form Spermatogenesis
The production, growth, and maturation of an egg, or ovum Oogenesis
Describes a molecule with opposite charges on opposite ends Polar body
Reproduction in which gametes from two parents unite Sexual Reproduction