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Astronomy 350 Cosmology

Astronomy 350 Cosmology. Professor Lynn Cominsky Department of Physics and Astronomy Offices: Darwin 329A and NASA EPO (707) 664-2655 Best way to reach me: lynnc@charmian.sonoma.edu. Group 7. Keith Buckley Emily Haney Brooke Krystosek Alex McMahon. Give it up for Group 7!.

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Astronomy 350 Cosmology

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  1. Astronomy 350Cosmology Professor Lynn Cominsky Department of Physics and Astronomy Offices: Darwin 329A and NASA EPO (707) 664-2655 Best way to reach me: lynnc@charmian.sonoma.edu Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A350

  2. Group 7 • Keith Buckley • Emily Haney • Brooke Krystosek • Alex McMahon Give it up for Group 7! Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A350

  3. Shapes of Galaxies • Spirals • disk shaped with spiral arms • often have bright bulges in center • contain interstellar gas, nebulae, star forming regions, open clusters and globular clusters • Barred Spirals • spiral arms emerge from end of bar • gas from outer part of galaxy funneled to center through the bar, forming new stars in bulge • Lenticular (“lens-shaped”) • flattened disks of gas and dust • no spiral arms Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A350

  4. Shapes of Galaxies • Ellipticals • range from spherical to foot-ball shapes • lots of old stars and globular clusters • star formation is over or just restarting • maybe the result of collision and merger of smaller galaxies • Irregulars • lots of gas and new stars forming • rather small compared to spirals and ellipticals • Low surface Brightness • lots of gas, but few stars • can be rather large Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A350

  5. Galaxy Formation movie • Formation of galaxies in cold dark matter universe Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A350

  6. M31/Andromeda Center of M31 has two optical nuclei • Our nearest spiral neighbor • 2 million light years away Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A350

  7. M31/Chandra X-ray Center of M31 • Image of central part of our neighbor M31 • Bright X-ray sources are binaries with black holes or neutron stars • Central BH is very cool, 30 million Mo Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A350

  8. Edge-on Spiral Galaxy • NGC 891 - we think our Galaxy looks like this This is an infrared composite image from KPNO Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A350

  9. Starburst galaxies • Galaxies which are undergoing rapid phase of star formation • Supernova rate about 10 times higher • Many bright stars • Fluorescent gas clouds NGC 4214 HST Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A350

  10. Starburst Galaxy M82 • Radio map is CO which traces H • IR map shows proto-stars IR Radio Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A350

  11. Starburst galaxy M82 • X-ray evidence for intermediate mass black hole in M82 • High supernova rate makes many smaller black holes, which may merge Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A350

  12. Hubble Galaxy Sequence • Ellipticals (round through oval) • Spirals (centrally condensed with arms) • Barred Spirals (distinct bar shape with bulge) Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A350

  13. Spiral Galaxies NGC 1232/VLT NGC 1288 Bulges formed over a short period very early in the young universe, perhaps through the collapse of a single cloud of hydrogen or merger of primeval star clusters. Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A350

  14. Spiral sequence • Hubble Space Telescope • Sandage NGC 5838/S0 Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A350

  15. Spiral sequence • Hubble Space Telescope • Sandage NGC 5689/Sa Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A350

  16. Spiral sequence • Hubble Space Telescope • Sandage NGC 5965/Sb Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A350

  17. Spiral sequence • Hubble Space Telescope • Sandage NGC 7537/Sbc Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A350

  18. Barred Spiral M61 • Bar across central region is made of stars, gas, and dust • Small bulge is dominated by a disk of material • Spiral arms begin at both ends of the bar • The bar is funneling material into the hub, which triggers star formation and feeds the bulge Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A350

  19. Barred Spiral NGC1365 IR/HST NICMOS Optical/HST WFPC2 Optical/Sandage Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A350

  20. Irregular Galaxies NGC 4753/I0 Sextans A 5000 light years across 5 million light years away Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A350

  21. Galaxy formation • Large galaxy and satellite galaxy form • 200 kpc portion of larger simulation at NCSA Full simulation followed 262,144 gas particles and 262,144 dark matter particles (not shown) within a 16 Mpc comoving region. It took 140 hours on a Cray YMP. Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A350

  22. Galaxy Evolution • A computer simulation of a flat disk-type galaxy colliding with a dwarf galaxy. The dwarf galaxy cannot be seen, but its gravitational influences trigger the production of spiral arms in the gas-rich disk. Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A350

  23. Active Galaxies • Quasars • Quasi-stellar radio source. (A radio source that is so far away that it looks like a star.) • Bright nucleus • Highly variable • Most produce strong X-rays • Many have broad spectral lines (104 km/sec) • Many QSOs (quasi-stellar objects, with no radio emission) are often called quasars • Seyfert galaxies • Spiral galaxies with bright nucleus • Seyfert 2 galaxies are viewed through gas disk Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A350

  24. Active Galaxies • Radio galaxies • quasars with radio emission (original quasars) • some have two lobes, connected by jets • some are wildly variable and have X-rays • not especially bright in visible light • often giant elliptical galaxies • BL Lac objects • narrow lines • highly polarized radio sources • Blazars • wildly variable, have X-rays and gamma-rays • quasars viewed down the jet axis Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A350

  25. Unified Model of AGN • All AGN are the same: central BH plus disk and jets • Differences in lines, jets, & spectra are due to different viewing angles • Also possible that BHs are being fed at different rates Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A350

  26. Seyfert Galaxy NGC 7742 HST • Bright nucleus • 3000 light years across • 72 million light years away Looks like a fried egg! Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A350

  27. Centaurus A/Optical • Giant elliptical galaxy • 10 million light years away • Dark dust lane obscures the central region Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A350

  28. Centaurus A/Radio • Double Lobe Radio Galaxy • Image shows radio lobes superposed on optical image • Central black hole must be producing radio jets and lobes Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A350

  29. Centaurus A/X-ray • X-ray image from Chandra • Bright nucleus can be seen in center at location of black hole • Small jet to lower right ends in shocked region Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A350

  30. Centaurus A/IR Symbiotic relationship • IR map shows a second galaxy (barred spiral) hiding inside Cen A’s dust lanes • Elliptical’s gravity helps barred spiral maintain its shape • Material funneled along the spiral's bar fuels the central black hole which powers the elliptical's radio lobes Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A350

  31. M87 Optical • Giant elliptical galaxy • At center of Virgo cluster • Many globular clusters surround it • Little dust and gas in the galaxy • 50 million light years away Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A350

  32. M87 HST Movie Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A350

  33. M87 Optical Jet • HST IR and UV composite • Globular clusters also seen • Note shock waves and knot patterns in jet • Bright point at central black hole Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A350

  34. M87 Radio Jet • Central black hole is making jets • Jets are making bubbles of hot gas • Bubbles are as big as 200,000 light years • Smallest resolution VLBI image is 0.2 light years Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A350

  35. M87 X-ray and radio • X-ray contours on radio image • High energy emission from central black hole • ROSAT X-ray data Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A350

  36. X-ray Quiet AGN • Luminous optical nucleus yet X-ray quiet Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A350

  37. M87 - X-ray Quiet AGN? • Elliptical galaxies with known supermassive black holes from optical data • Advective accretion means that matter flows over the event horizon without making many X-rays due to the lack of a hot accretion disk Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A350

  38. Gamma-ray Quasars 3C273 3C279 • 3C 279 is a very bright, repeatedly flaring gamma-ray source, seen at MeV - TeV energies 3C273 is much brighter at optical energies Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A350

  39. Blazar movie • Shows rotating black hole in the center of Active Galaxy, which is emitting relativistic jets of material • Blazar is a quasar that is aiming its beams directly at us Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A350

  40. Most distant QSOs Z = 5.0 Z = 4.9 Z = 4.75 • Redshift record is now around Z=6.5 • Sloan Digital Sky Survey Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A350

  41. Collisions and Mergers • Note: galaxies do not make noise when they collide! Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A350

  42. Galaxy Collision Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A350

  43. Galaxy Collisions, Part 2 Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A350

  44. Cartwheel Galaxy • Wheel shape was formed from collision of two galaxies • Bright stars are forming at the edges of the wheel (105 light years in diameter) • Intruder galaxy is no longer visible This is from HST Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A350

  45. Active Galaxies and Jets • What do Active Galaxies look like when viewed from different distances? Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A350

  46. Web Resources • Astronomy picture of the Dayhttp://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/astropix.html • Imagine the Universehttp://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov • M87 radio images http://www.aoc.nrao.edu/~fowen/M87.html • Space Telescope Science Institute http://stsci.edu • Sloan Digital Sky Survey http://www.sdss.org/ Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A350

  47. Web Resources • A. Ptak’s intermediate mass black hole in M82 http://astro.phys.cmu.edu/~ptak/m82/ • T. di Matteo’s X-ray quiet AGN http://www-glast.sonoma.edu/HEADmeeting/tuesday/index.html • ROSAT X-ray images http://wave.xray.mpe.mpg.de/rosat/calendar/2000/oct • NCSA’s Unveiling the Hidden Universe http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/Cyberia/Bima/BimaHome.html#Unveiling Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A350

  48. Web Resources • NCSA M82 images http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/Cyberia/Bima/ExtraGal.html • Galaxy Formation Movie from NCSA http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/Cyberia/Cosmos/TheWorksMovies.html Lynn Cominsky - Cosmology A350

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