Chapter 22

1. Chapter 22 America as a World Power 1867 - 1920

2. Essential Question • How did America’s growing power affect its relationships with other nations?

3. I. The United States Gains Overseas Territories • Imperialism: building an empire by founding colonies or conquering other nations (Europe) • Isolationism: avoiding involvement in the affairs of other countries (U.S.) • By late 1800’s, U.S. needed to expand to keep economy strong • 1890 - Capt. Alfred Mahan publishes The Influence of Sea Power upon History: argued for a strong navy to protect economic interests and naval bases around the world

4. Pacific Expansion 1867 - 1900 • Areas acquired by the U.S. • Alaska (Seward’s Folly) – fur, timber, minerals • Midway Islands – naval base • Samoa – naval base • Hawaii – sugar, naval base • Areas opened/controlled by the U.S. • Japan – trade opened with U.S. in 1853 – begins a 40-year modernization toward Japan becoming an imperial power • China – spheres of influence: areas where foreign nations controlled resources • Open Door Policy: all nations should have equal access to trade • Boxer Rebellion: Chinese nationalists angered by foreign influence, killed foreign born people – U.S. and Europe invade

5. II. The Spanish-American War • Yellow Journalism: sensational, often exaggerated news stories • Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst • Vivid stories of Spanish brutality toward Cuba • De Lôme Letter – Spanish minister to U.S. called President McKinley “weak” • U.S.S. Maine – battleship blown up in Havana Harbor on February 15, 1898 – Spain blamed • “Remember the Maine!”

6. War in the Philippines • Filipinos, like the Cubans, were revolting against Spain • May 1, 1898, Commodore George Dewey destroys entire Spanish Pacific fleet – no American killed • U.S. troops and Filipino rebels take over led by Emilio Aquinaldo

7. War in the Caribbean • U.S. Army not prepared • Not enough rifles or bullets • Wool uniforms • Ate canned meat from Civil War • Yellow fever– more soldiers died of disease than battle wounds • Rough Riders • Led by Theodore Roosevelt • Captured San Juan Hill and Kettle Hill overlooking Santiago

8. United States Gains Territories • Spain signs cease fire on August 12, 1898 • Philippines • Wanted freedom, but became a territory of U.S. until 1946 • Filipinos fight guerrilla war with U.S. up through 1902 – 4200 American soldiers killed • Puerto Rico • Wanted freedom, but became a territory of U.S. • Cuba • Teller Amendment (1898): United States would not annex Cuba • Platt Amendment (1899): allowed the U.S. to intervene in Cuban affairs – lasted until 1959

9. III. The United States and Latin America • Panama Canal: • Connects Atlantic and Pacific oceans • U.S. supported Panama’s independence from Colombia • Construction began in 1904 – took 10 years to build

10. U.S. Policy Toward Latin America • “Speak softly and carry a big stick” • Theodore Roosevelt believed U.S. should play active role in Western Hemisphere • Monroe Doctrine (1823): warned Europe to stay out of Latin American affairs • Roosevelt Corollary (1904): U.S. can intervene in Latin American affairs

11. U.S. Interests in Latin America • Dollar Diplomacy: policy of President Taft – influencing governments through economic intervention • Moral Diplomacy: policy of President Wilson – promote democracy in Latin America, but use force if necessary • Mexican Revolution: struggle for power 1910-1917 - U.S. invades Mexico to prevent weapons arriving from Europe and to capture rebel leader Pancho Villa