International Organizations 國際組織

1. International Organizations 國際組織 • European Union (p. 863) • NGO; INGO (UNESCO) • League of Nations • Untied Nations • Membership: 192 • Holy See: observer • Representation of China: Resolution 2758

2. China’s representation (p. 889) • Important question (2/3) • 2008/3:入聯暨返聯公投 • PLO: observer, UN General Assembly • Security Council (p. 913): 15 • 5: permanent • Double veto

3. UN Economic and Social Council, ECOSOC (p. 927) • International Labour Organization, ILO • Bretton Woods system (New Hampshire, US) • International Monetary Organization, IMF • International Bank of Reconstruction and Development, World Bank • International Trade Organization, ITO (not established)

4. IMF (p. 939) • Weighted voting • Special Drawing Rights, SDR • World Bank • International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes, ICSID • ITO – General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade • Art. I: Most Favoured Nations – MFN • Art. II: Tariffs • Bound rate; applied rate • Art. III: National Treatment • Art. XX: exceptions • Art. XXII, XXII: dispute settlement

5. World Trade Organization, WTO • GATT: contracting parties; WTO: members (states & separate customs territory) • WTO Agreement (single undertaking) • Annex I • A: GATT • B: GATS • C: TRIPS • Annex II: Dispute Settlement Understanding, DSU (compulsory jurisdiction) • Annex III: Trade Policy Review Mechanism, TPRM • Annex IV: • Agreement on Trade in Civil Aircraft • Agreement on Government Procurement, GPA (Taiwan, 2008)

6. WTO Structure • Ministerial Conference • General Council • Dispute Settlement Body • Panel, 3 panelists (Legal Affairs Division; Rules Division) • Appellate Body, AB, 7 Members (Appellate Body Secretariat) • Trade Policy Review Body • WTO Secretariat • Director-General, DG

7. Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes 國際爭端的和平解決 • Legal & Political disputes • Arbitration (p. 982) • Jay Treaty • Permanent Court of Arbitration, PCA • Permanent Court of International Justice, PCIJ • International Court of Justice, ICJ • “principle judicial organ of the United Nations” (p. 1001)

8. Non-UN member & ICJ (p. 1005) • Statute of the International Court of Justice • Security Council – General Assembly • ICJ Litigation • “State” + “declaration” with the ICJ • Jurisdiction • Specific Case • Agreement • Clause of treaty/contention • Forum prorogatum

9. All cases • Compulsory jurisdiction/ optional clause • Limited by reservation • Cases • “dispute” (p. 1016) • Exhaustion of local remedies • “Provisional measures” (Art. 41 of the ICJ Statute) • Advisory opinion (p. 1028)

10. Georgia v. Russia • South Ossetia & Abkhazia • International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, CERD • Art. 41 of the ICJ Statute • ICJ Jurisdiction: Art. 22 of the CERD • Parties • Territorial application • Interpretation • Procedural Condition: “not settled by negotiation” • Art. 41 • “Irreparable prejudice” • “Binding effect”

11. International Environmental Protection 國際環境保護 • Principles • Good neighborhood • The Trail Smelter Case • Precautionary Principle • The Polluter-pays Principle • Sustainable Development • Principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibility

12. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) • Kyoto Protocol (p. 1054) • Emission trade • Clean development mechanism • Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, CITES • Convention on Biological Diversity

13. Armed Conflicts and International Humanitarian Law 武裝衝突與國際人道法 • Four Geneva Conventions (p. 1069) • Two Protocols • Neutrality v. Neutralization (p. 1083) • Nuclear Weapons • Prisoners of War, POW