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REDUCING EMISSIONS FROM AIR CONDITIONING IN INDIA- CAMPAIGN FOR NATURAL REFRIGERANT

REDUCING EMISSIONS FROM AIR CONDITIONING IN INDIA- CAMPAIGN FOR NATURAL REFRIGERANT. Information to enable accelerated HC-AC uptake in India. We Will Go Through. Slide Number 1. About US 3 2. Project Outline: Reducing Emissions From Air Conditioners In India 5

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REDUCING EMISSIONS FROM AIR CONDITIONING IN INDIA- CAMPAIGN FOR NATURAL REFRIGERANT

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  1. REDUCING EMISSIONS FROM AIR CONDITIONING IN INDIA- CAMPAIGN FOR NATURAL REFRIGERANT Information to enable accelerated HC-AC uptake in India

  2. We Will Go Through Slide Number 1. About US 3 2. Project Outline: Reducing Emissions From Air Conditioners In India 5 3. Project Details: Well Targeted Approach 8 4. Air Conditioning Sector Analysis 13 5. Analysis Of HC-AC And Conventional Acs 19 6. Individual Energy And GHG Mitigation Potential 29 7. Pan India Energy And GHG Mitigation Potential 31 Technical Part 8. AC Refrigerants Analysis 37 9. Physical And Chemical Properties Of R290 45 10. Safety Measures For Natural Refrigerant R290 46 • 11. Examples Of R290 ACs Manufactures And Used In India And Other Parts Of World 57 12. Special Features, Specifications And Technical Support For Safety Measure By Godrej 61 13. Assumptions 62 14. References 63 cBalance Solutions Hub

  3. 1. INTRODUCTION A. NOE21 is an independent association of public utility founded in 2003 and based in Geneva, whose mission is to identify, evaluate and promote solutions to climate change, with a constructive approach. Noé21 is a member of the Alliance for Climate, the European Office of Environment and Climate Action Network Europe CAN-E. Noé21 is accredited to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). cBalance Solutions Hub

  4. 1. INTRODUCTION B. CBALANCE SOLUTION HUB PVT. LTD. is a knowledge-centric climate change tool-building, analysis, and solutions hub and is the India-partner organization selected by Noé21 to design and operationalize the accelerated Natural Refrigerant AC uptake project in India. cBalance Solutions Hub

  5. 2. PROJECT OUTLINE: REDUCING EMISSIONS FROM AIR CONDITIONERS IN INDIA • A. OUTLINE OF THE PROJECT • a. HFC Emissions Of AC Will Be An Important Part of Global GHG Emissions • Currently, 2,5 million household Air Conditioners (ACs) are sold annually in India. • A major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions is synthetic refrigerant gases (fluorinated, or "f" gases),like CFCs, HCFCs and HFCs mostly used in refrigerators and air conditioners. • The use of f-gases worldwide is booming. While the first two generations of f-gases (CFCs and HCFCs) are set to be eliminated under the UN's Montreal protocol to protect the ozone layer, the third generation of F gases, HFCs are quickly being phased in. • HFCs, like previous gases chosen to replace CFCs, are harmless for the ozone layer but are mega greenhouse gases. • If nothing is done to reduce the spread of HFCs, this gas could account for 20 to 40% of all carbon equivalent emissions by 2050. • Fluorocarbons are Potent Industrial Global warming Gases (PIGGs), responsible for 12.9% of manmade global warming.[1] cBalance Solutions Hub

  6. 2. PROJECT OUTLINE: REDUCING EMISSIONS FROM AIR CONDITIONERS IN INDIA A. OUTLINE OF THE PROJECT a. HFC Emissions Of AC Will Be An Important Part of Global GHG Emissions cBalance Solutions Hub

  7. 2. PROJECT OUTLINE: REDUCING EMISSIONS FROM AIR CONDITIONERS IN INDIA A. OUTLINE OF THE PROJECT a. HFC Emissions Of AC Will Be An Important Part of Global GHG Emissions cBalance Solutions Hub

  8. 2. PROJECT OUTLINE: REDUCING EMISSIONS FROM AIR CONDITIONERS IN INDIA A. OUTLINE OF THE PROJECT a. HFC Emissions Of AC Will Be An Important Part of Global GHG Emissions cBalance Solutions Hub

  9. 2. PROJECT OUTLINE: REDUCING EMISSIONS FROM AIR CONDITIONERS IN INDIA • b. Natural Refrigerants - A Possible Alternative • With natural refrigerant compatible appliances arriving on the market, a replacement for f gases is now available. • The impact on global warming by each molecule is 300 times lower than the least harmful f gas and 1100 times less harmful than average f gases, which currently monopolize the AC sector. • ACs with conventional refrigerant which currently monopolizes the market have an average GWP of 1700 and Alternative refrigerants (HC-AC) have an average GWP of 3 cBalance Solutions Hub

  10. 2. PROJECT OUTLINE: REDUCING EMISSIONS FROM AIR CONDITIONERS IN INDIA • B. PROMOTION OF HC-AC • Promoting cleaner and more efficient ACs that are starting to be commercialized in India by an Indian manufacturer as a world première. Even though the new generation of ACs, running on natural refrigerants (HC), have a one year payback period for their 10% increase in initial cost, even though they reduce running costs by at least 20% as compared to best in class available ACs, their uptake needs to be helped by a campaign that will make the alternative known in decisive sectors of the economy. • To make the market introduction of natural gas ACs a success in India, Noe21 believes a parallel marketing campaign needs to be installed to forward the green and energy efficient added value the new ACs offer. To forward this message, environmental NGOS are the most credible opinion emitters available. Every manufacturer nowadays presents its product as environmentally friendly, so it makes things difficult for opinion makers and consumers to make a difference. This is why Noe21 is teaming up with Indian Environmental NGO (ENGO) to lead a green push making the right choice in AC buying a climate issue as well as a wallet issue. cBalance Solutions Hub

  11. 3. PROJECT DETAILS: WELL TARGETED APPROACH A THREE-WAY APPROACH Primary Aim: influence Decision Makers 2nd Priority: influence practitioners and educators cBalance Solutions Hub

  12. 3. PROJECT DETAILS: WELL TARGETED APPROACH A. THREE DIMENSIONAL STRATEGY FOR EDUCATION cBalance Solutions Hub

  13. 3. PROJECT DETAILS: WELL TARGETED APPROACH B. THREE DIMENSIONAL STRATEGY FOR PRACTITIONERS cBalance Solutions Hub

  14. 3. PROJECT DETAILS: WELL TARGETED APPROACH C. THREE DIMENSIONAL STRATEGY FOR DECISION MAKERS cBalance Solutions Hub

  15. 3. PROJECT DETAILS: WELL TARGETED APPROACH D. THREE COMPLEMENTARY APPROACHES cBalance Solutions Hub

  16. 4. AIR CONDITIONING SECTOR ANALYSIS A. CURRENT / FUTURE TREND OF ROOM ACS MARKET DISTRIBUTION The Trend Goes From Window To Split 1.5 Ton Units cBalance Solutions Hub

  17. 4. AIR CONDITIONING SECTOR ANALYSIS B. CURRENT / FUTURE TREND OF CONVENTIONAL ROOM ACS EQUIVALENT EER (KW COOLING/KW POWER) EER Values are based on Indian Average Star Rating Values for Specific AC Type for a given Year cBalance Solutions Hub

  18. 4. AIR CONDITIONING SECTOR ANALYSIS C. COMPETITION ANALYSIS a. Market Analysis • Total Market Volume (Units) • Split AC Relative Sales Volume • Overall Market Share cBalance Solutions Hub

  19. 4. AIR CONDITIONING SECTOR ANALYSIS • Window AC Unit Type Sales Share • Split AC Unit Type Sales Share • Split AC Usage Sales Share cBalance Solutions Hub

  20. 4. AIR CONDITIONING SECTOR ANALYSIS C.COMPETITION ANALYSIS b. Existing Stock Analysis cBalance Solutions Hub

  21. 4. AIR CONDITIONING SECTOR ANALYSIS C.COMPETITION ANALYSIS c. Annual Sales Share cBalance Solutions Hub

  22. 5. ANALYSIS OF HC-AC AND CONVENTIONAL ACs A. EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT cBalance Solutions Hub

  23. 5. ANALYSIS OF HC-AC AND CONVENTIONAL ACs A. EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT cBalance Solutions Hub

  24. 5. ANALYSIS OF HC-AC AND CONVENTIONAL ACs B. EQUIPMENT PERFORMANCE METRICS a. Annual Savings Energy, Cost and GHG by HC-AC 1. From AC Technology Switch - Residential Scenario – Low Usage Conservation estimates for residential systems based on - Electricity Tariff ~ Rs. 9.16/kWh (expensive unit charge in Mumbai), Electricity GHG EF = 1.25 kg CO2e/kWh (including AT&C Losses) for India Avg..Grid Electricity Refrigeration GHG EF = 269.1 kg CO2e/TR/year for Conventional ACs vs. 0.47 kg CO2e/TR/year for HC AC Technology switch comprises GHG mitigation from residential and commercial New Purchases from 2012 onwards when chosing natural refrigerant ACs with EER of 3.70 relative to BAU alternatives. Annual Usage = 575 hrs/year cBalance Solutions Hub

  25. 5. ANALYSIS OF HC-AC AND CONVENTIONAL ACs B. EQUIPMENT PERFORMANCE METRICS a. Annual Savings of Energy, Cost and GHG by HC-AC 2. From AC technology Switch - Residential Scenario – High Usage Conservation estimates for residential systems based on - Electricity Tariff ~ Rs. 9.16/kWh (expensive unit charge in Mumbai), Electricity GHG EF = 1.25 kg CO2e/kWh (including AT&C Losses) for India Avg..Grid Electricity Refrigeration GHG EF = 269.1 kg CO2e/TR/year for Conventional ACs vs. 0.47 kg CO2e/TR/year for HC AC Technology switch comprises GHG mitigation from residential and commercial New Purchases from 2012 onwards when chosing natural refrigerant ACs with EER of 3.70 relative to BAU alternatives. Annual Usage = 960 hrs/year cBalance Solutions Hub

  26. 5. ANALYSIS OF HC-AC AND CONVENTIONAL ACs B. EQUIPMENT PERFORMANCE METRICS a. Annual Savings of Energy, Cost and GHG by HC-AC 3. From AC technology Switch - Commercial Scenario – Low Usage Conservation estimates based on - Electricity Tariff ~ Rs. 10.91/kWh (expensive unit charge in Mumbai) Electricity GHG EF = 1.25 kg CO2e/kWh (including AT&C Losses) for India Avg..Grid Electricity Refrigeration GHG EF = 269.1 kg CO2e/TR/year for Conventional ACs vs. 0.47 kg CO2e/TR/year for HC-AC Technology switch comprises GHG mitigation from residential and commercial New Purchases from 2012 onwards when choosing natural refrigerant ACs with EER of 3.70 relative to BAU alternatives Annual Usage = 2000 hrs/year cBalance Solutions Hub

  27. 5. ANALYSIS OF HC-AC AND CONVENTIONAL ACs B. EQUIPMENT PERFORMANCE METRICS a. Annual Savings of Energy, Cost and GHG by HC-AC 4. From AC Technology Switch - Commercial Scenario – High Usage Conservation estimates based on - Electricity Tariff ~ Rs. 10.91/kWh (expensive unit charge in Mumbai) Electricity GHG EF = 1.25 kg CO2e/kWh (including AT&C Losses) for India Avg..Grid Electricity Refrigeration GHG EF = 269.1 kg CO2e/TR/year for Conventional ACs vs. 0.47 kg CO2e/TR/year for HC-AC Technology switch comprises GHG mitigation from residential and commercial New Purchases from 2012 onwards when choosing natural refrigerant ACs with EER of 3.70 relative to BAU alternatives Annual Usage = 3000 hrs/year cBalance Solutions Hub

  28. 5. ANALYSIS OF HC-AC AND CONVENTIONAL ACs B. EQUIPMENT PERFORMANCE METRICS b. Payback Period 1. From AC Technology Switch - Residential Scenario Conservation estimates for residential systems based on :- Electricity Tariff ~ Rs. 9.16/kWh (expensive unit charge in Mumbai) Electricity GHG EF = 1.25 kg CO2e/kWh (including AT&C Losses) for India Avg..Grid Electricity Refrigeration GHG EF = 269.1 kg CO2e/TR/year for Conventional ACs vs. 0.47 kg CO2e/TR/year for HC-AC Technology switch : new purchases: purchase of HC-AC versus conventional ACs when in the market for a new AC (i.e. payback defined as 'incremental' cost payback) replacement: purchase of HC-AC to overhaul functional ACs when (i.e. payback defined as total initial cost payback) Low Usage: 575 hrs/year, High Usage: 960 hrs/year cBalance Solutions Hub

  29. 5. ANALYSIS OF HC-AC AND CONVENTIONAL ACs B. EQUIPMENT PERFORMANCE METRICS b. Payback Period 2. From AC Technology Switch - Commercial Scenario Conservation estimates based on- Electricity Tariff ~ Rs. 10.91/kWh (expensive unit charge in Mumbai) Electricity GHG EF = 1.25 kg CO2e/kWh (including AT&C Losses) for India Avg. Grid Electricity Refrigeration GHG EF = 269.1 kg CO2e/TR/year for Conventional ACs vs. 0.47 kg CO2e/TR/year for HC-AC Technology switch : new purchases: purchase of HC-AC versus conventional ACs when in the market for a new AC (i.e. payback defined as 'incremental' cost payback) replacement: purchase of HC-AC to overhaul functional ACs when (i.e. payback defined as total initial cost payback) Low Usage: 2000 hrs/year, High Usage: 3000 hrs/year cBalance Solutions Hub

  30. 5. ANALYSIS OF HC-AC AND CONVENTIONAL ACs B. EQUIPMENT PERFORMANCE METRICS c. Energy v/s Non-Energy Emissions 1.From AC Technology Switch - Residential Scenario – Kg of CO2e/Year Conservation estimates for residential systems based on - Electricity GHG EF = 1.25 kg CO2e/kWh (including AT&C Losses) for India Avg..Grid Electricity Refrigeration GHG EF = 269.1 kg CO2e/TR/year for Conventional ACs vs. 0.47 kg CO2e/TR/year for HC-AC cBalance Solutions Hub

  31. 5. ANALYSIS OF HC-AC AND CONVENTIONAL ACs B. EQUIPMENT PERFORMANCE METRICS c. Energy Vs. Non-Energy Emissions 2. From AC Technology Switch - Commercial Scenario – Kg of CO2e/Year GHG Emissions based on: Electricity GHG EF = 1.25 kg CO2e/kWh (including AT&C Losses) for India Avg..Grid Electricity Refrigeration GHG EF = 269.1 kg CO2e/TR/year for Conventional ACs vs. 0.47 kg CO2e/TR/year for HC-AC cBalance Solutions Hub

  32. 6. INDIVIDUAL ENERGY AND GHG MITIGATION POTENTIAL TREMENDOUS POTENTIAL IN A TYPICAL HOTEL Energy and GHG saving from AC Technology Switch Energy and GHG Mitigation potential represented as equivalent number of homes, cars, ceiling fans and light bulbs that can be operated through the avoided energy consumption Technology switch comprises Energy and GHG mitigation from replacement with natural refrigerant ACs with EER of 3.70 relative to BAU alternatives for a typical hotel With 50 split units ACs and installed capacity ~ 76TR cBalance Solutions Hub

  33. 6. INDIVIDUAL ENERGY AND GHG MITIGATION POTENTIAL TREMENDOUS POTENTIAL IN A TYPICAL BANK Energy and GHG saving from AC Technology Switch Energy and GHG Mitigation potential represented as equivalent number of homes, cars, ceiling fans and light bulbs that can be operated through the Avoided energy consumption Technology switch comprises Energy and GHG mitigation from replacement with natural refrigerant ACs with EER of 3.70 relative to BAU alternatives for a typical bank with 12 split units ACs and installed capacity ~18 TR cBalance Solutions Hub

  34. 7. PAN INDIA ENERGY AND GHG MITIGATION POTENTIAL MORE THAN 4400 GWh ANNUAL ENERGY SAVING POTENTIAL BY AIR CONDITIONER TECHNOLOGY SWITCH in 2011-2012 (in million units - '000000 kWh) Replacements: defined as total conservation potential from replacement of existing AC stock (2011-2012) with natural refrigerant ACs with EER of 3.70 New Purchases: defined as annual conservation from 2012 onwards when Choosing natural refrigerant ACs with EER of 3.70 relative to BAU alternatives cBalance Solutions Hub

  35. 7. PAN INDIA ENERGY AND GHG MITIGATION POTENTIAL 8,100,000 TONS ANNUAL GHG SAVING POTENTIAL BY AIR CONDITIONER TECHNOLOGY SWITCH in 2011-2012 (in '000 tonnes CO2e) Replacements: defined as total conservation potential from replacement of existing Room AC stock (2011-2012) with natural refrigerant split ACs with EER of 3.70 New Purchases: defined as annual conservation from 2012 onwards when choosing Natural refrigerant split ACs with EER of 3.70 relative to BAU Room AC s cBalance Solutions Hub

  36. 7. PAN INDIA ENERGY AND GHG MITIGATION POTENTIAL EXPLOSIVE GHG SAVING POTENTIAL IN AN EXPLOSIVE MARKET GHG Mitigation Target for India defined as commitment made to COP-15 of UNFCCC - reducing GHG Intensity of GDP by 25% by 2020 i.e. . 64 million tonnes [13] CO2e/year Technology switch comprises GHG mitigation from residential and commercial New Purchases from 2012 onwards when choosing natural refrigerant ACs with EER of 3.70 relative to BAU alternatives cBalance Solutions Hub

  37. 7. PAN INDIA ENERGY AND GHG MITIGATION POTENTIAL AC TECHNOLOGY SWITCH v/s DIFFERENT ENERGY EFFICIENCY SCHEMES – 'NATIONAL MISSION FOR ENHANCED ENERGY EFFICIENCY' PROGRAMS BLY : Bachat Lamp Yojana PAT : Perform Achieve Trade Scheme DSM : Demand Side Management Program National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency envisages 6000 MW[10], 5,623 MW[11] and 8,335 MW [12] avoided power generation from Bachat Lamp Yojna (BLY), Industrial Energy Efficiency (PAT Scheme), and Other Demand Side Management Programmes – including Agri DSM and Super Efficient Equipment Programmes, respectively Technology switch comprises GHG mitigation from residential and Commercial New Purchases from 2012 onwards when choosing natural refrigerant Acs with EER of 3.70 relative to BAU alternatives cBalance Solutions Hub

  38. 7. PAN INDIA ENERGY AND GHG MITIGATION POTENTIAL AIR CONDITIONER TECHNOLOGY SWITCH CAN SAVE 20 POWER PLANTS IN 2031 Energy conservation potential represented as equivalent number of avoided power plants, and homes or cars that can be operated through the avoided energy consumption from technology switch Technology switch comprises GHG mitigation from residential and commercial New Purchases from 2012 onwards when choosing natural refrigerant ACs with EER of 3.70 relative to BAU alternatives cBalance Solutions Hub

  39. TECHNICAL PART cBalance Solutions Hub

  40. 8. AC REFRIGERANTS ANALYSIS • A. SYNTHETIC AND NATURAL REFRIGERANTS FOR AC • Several Alternative Refrigerants are available • Many refrigerant options are not suitable for A/Cs and Some fall under HCFC and CFC Categories • Most significant replacement of R22 in most applications are identified within the following groups here in the table[2] cBalance Solutions Hub

  41. 8. AC REFRIGERANTS ANALYSIS A. SYNTHETIC AND NATURAL REFRIGERANTS FOR AC Source: Hydrocarbon Refrigerants For Room Air Conditioners, Daniel Colbourne, for GIZ Proklima, March 2011 cBalance Solutions Hub

  42. 8. AC REFRIGERANTS ANALYSIS • B. THE PRINCIPAL CRITERIA FOR REFRIGERANT GAS • Different refrigerant options of ACs are compared with each other on three main characteristics which are • Environmental • Safety • Efficiency • Price cBalance Solutions Hub

  43. 8. AC REFRIGERANTS ANALYSIS B. THE PRINCIPAL CRITERIA FOR REFRIGERANT GAS 1. Environmental Perspective[3] Natural Refrigerants (Green Coloured) Are Best cBalance Solutions Hub

  44. 8. AC REFRIGERANTS ANALYSIS B. THE PRINCIPAL CRITERIA FOR REFRIGERANT GAS 2. Safety Perspective [3] Natural Refrigerants Need Some Precautions cBalance Solutions Hub

  45. 8. AC REFRIGERANTS ANALYSIS B. THE PRINCIPAL CRITERIA FOR REFRIGERANT GAS 3. Efficiency Perspective [3] Natural Refrigerants Are Energy Efficient Efficiency Related Data of R744 (Carbon Dioxide) and R717 (Ammonia) is not available cBalance Solutions Hub

  46. 8. AC REFRIGERANTS ANALYSIS B. THE PRINCIPAL CRITERIA FOR REFRIGERANT GAS 4. Economic (Price) Perspective [3] Natural Refrigerants Are Inexpensive • Universally Available • No Patent • Direct Material cost (Refrigerant Cost) of HC-AC and Conventional ACs are not significant for comparison • Life Cycle Analysis of HC-AC with Conventional AC is presented in slides no. 19 - 28 Slides cBalance Solutions Hub

  47. 8. AC REFRIGERANTS ANALYSIS There is no Ideal Refrigerant Gas but Natural Refrigerant are Globally Preferable • R22 a HCFC Refrigerant which is in Phasing out Condition is used for Comparison and It depletes ozone and has high Global Warming Potential • R32 and R410A – HFC Refrigerants are having high Global Warming Potential of 2000 and 550 respectively and has Safety Factor of A2 and A1. • R290 and R1270 – HC Refrigerants are not harmful to either Ozone nor Contribute to Global Warming but these are flammable Refrigerants having safety factor A3 • R717 – Ammonia Refrigerant is an environmental friendly gas but it is a toxic gas and flammable gas having safety factor B2 • R744 – Carbon Dioxide is an environmental friendly and safe gas to use but demands higher operating pressure and expert design. cBalance Solutions Hub

  48. 8. AC REFRIGERANTS ANALYSIS VOLUMETRIC REFRIGERATING CAPACITY: broadly indicative of required compressor displacement. It is seen that R290 has 15% lower capacity than R22, whilst R1270 is almost the same as R22 but it is almost 1.5 times for R32 and R410A. • It implies that the R290 compressor demands a larger geometric swept volume in order to achieve the same cooling capacity and R32 and R410A Requires lower Geometrical Swept Volume. • However, despite the cycle calculations implying this, most practical studies have found that the refrigerating capacity of R290 in a fixed displacement compressor is much closer to R22 – typically within 5% to 10% – which is due to R290 having a higher volumetric efficiency cBalance Solutions Hub

  49. 8. AC REFRIGERANTS ANALYSIS DISCHARGE TEMPERATURE: is most important especially for hot climates. R290 has a discharge temperature some 20 Deg K less, R1270 about 15 Deg K less, R410A is 3 Deg K less but R32 is 15 Deg K Greater than R22. Therefore R290 potentially offers notable benefits in terms of compressor reliability, especially in hot climates. THE COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE (COP): R290 and R1270 are the similar or slightly greater than R22 but COP of R32 and R410A is less by 6% when compared with R22. cBalance Solutions Hub

  50. 9. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF R290 Flammability Concerns related to R290 NOTE: the following concerns are already addressed in equipment construction practices and all risks associated with Hydrocarbon Refrigerant use are mitigated through compliance with all legal norms and safety regulations • It belongs to safety group A3 and is highly flammable and non toxic.[4] • Lower Explosive Limit – 2.1 %, Upper Explosive Limit – 9.5 %. [5] • Color Less and Odor less Gas • Flash Point is below the atmospheric temperature and exposure to atmosphere in combination with spark/flame/hot surface may cause fire immediately • Readily forms an explosive air-vapour mixture at ambient temperatures. • Vapour is heavier than air and may travel to remote sources of ignition (e.g. along drainage systems, into basements etc).[6] cBalance Solutions Hub

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