Comparative Emergency Management

1. Comparative Emergency Management Session 23 Slide Deck Session 23

2. Session Objective • Explain the Most Common Categories of Recovery Assistance Provided in the Aftermath of Major Disasters Session 23

3. Shelter and Housing Differences in damage and destruction due to: • Construction materials • Construction type and adherence to safety codes • Structure age and maintenance • Soil makeup • Physical and geographic location • Elevation • Proximity to the hazard source • Geological processes (e.g., liquifaction) Session 23

4. Shelter and Housing Three Categories of Damage: • Damaged, but requiring only simple repairs • Damaged, but requiring major repairs • Damaged beyond repair or destroyed Housing ‘Triage’ Session 23

5. Shelter and Housing Interim Shelter Options • Congregate shelters • Travel trailers / Manufactured homes • Rental Markets • Hotels • Tents Session 23

6. Shelter and Housing • Congregate Shelter Problems • Displacement • Loss of the structure’s ‘normal use’ (e.g., school used as a shelter) • Environmental impacts of dense unplanned settlement • Permanence of ‘slums’ • Example – Italy / Turkey Session 23

7. Shelter and Housing Planning Considerations • Site Selection • Wraparound Services • Building Materials and Design Selection • Owner-Driven vs. Outside Construction • Property Rights and Other Legal Matters Session 23

8. Site Selection • Rebuilding on the Same Site • Community integrity maintained • Livelihoods maintained • Motivation to recover • Infrastructure exists • Relocate • No need to remove rubble before rebuilding • Proximity to hazard can be increased Session 23

9. Wraparound Services • “Those facets of society that allow an individual, and likewise, the society as a whole, to survive and to function effectively” • Examples • Food and commodity markets • Educational facilities • Healthcare facilities • Transportation systems and access • Utilities • Employment • Religious and social communities Session 23

10. Building Materials / Design • What kinds of structures built • What materials used • Decisions must be more than cost-based • Styles and materials must: • Be culturally acceptable • Accommodate new risk information • Sources of materials: • Debris (recycled) • Local • Outside Session 23

11. Owner-Driven vs. Outside Construction • Five primary options: • Owner Driven Construction • Government Driven Construction • Donor Driven Construction • Contractor Driven Construction • A combination of the above players Session 23

12. Property Rights and Other Legal Matters • Property ownership • Access to title/deed • Destruction of government records • Can be established through community memory • Informal settlements present problems • Holistic recovery planning is possible through legal control of recovery • Moratorium • Easing of laws or policies Session 23

13. Infrastructure “the basic facilities and services needed for the functioning of a community or society, such as transportation and communications systems and water and power lines” Session 23

14. Infrastructure Components • Transportation • Energy • Communication • Health • Government • Flood control • Education • Water (treatment, delivery, and waste) • Commerce and banking Session 23

15. Infrastructure Improvement • Modernization • Expansion • Increase efficiency • Reduction in risk Session 23

16. Infrastructure Issues for Consideration • Component prioritization and rate of recovery • Ownership • Sources of infrastructure reconstruction expertise • Reconstruction labor and materials • Access to infrastructure • Hazard risk reduction Session 23

17. Physical Recovery • Illnesses and injuries • Physical trauma to victims • Health infrastructure sees increased demand • Coincides with reduced capacity / deficit of technical skills and expertise • Shortage of equipment, supplies, prosthetics, medicineand equipment Session 23

18. Illness and Disease • Pre-existing diseases become poorly maintained, because of: • Vectors • Reduced physical resilience • Increased transmission • Vaccination gaps • Epidemiological surveillance is required Session 23

19. Most Vulnerable Groups (Health) • Children and adolescents • The elderly • Pregnant women or mothers of infants • Single parent households • People with pre-existing diseases • HIV/AIDS • Kidney disease • Cancer • People with disabilities • Displaced people • Poor people Session 23

20. Nutrition • Reasons for a poor diet: • Financial problems • Severed supply chains • Psychological trauma • Lack of time • Diet linked to disease Session 23

21. Psychosocial Care • Trauma experienced by: • Adults / Parents • Children • Responders • As a result of: • Experiencing fear of injury/death • Hopelessness • Loss • Lack of control • Victimization of secondary intentional hazard • Witnessing pain or death • Displacement • Cultural losses • Loss of routine • Unemployment Session 23

22. Psychosocial Options • Mental health counseling • Strengthening and support of traditional and social networks • Resumption of religious services and the repair or reconstruction of religious facilities and institutions • Resumption of normal routines • Reunification of families • Remembrance (museums, memorials) Session 23

23. Cultural Recovery • Disasters can devastate/destroy culture • Historic buildings • Art • Clothing • Landmarks • Loss of culture is a loss of identity Session 23

24. Economic Recovery / Livelihoods • Lost resources, production, jobs, business opportunities, heavy government expenditures • Economic recovery tied to the resumption of jobs • Local businesses must be quickly returned • Injected cash can help the local economy • Opportunity for increase in capacity post-disaster • Pre-existing problems may be addressed Session 23

25. Environment • Two factors: • Damage as a direct result of the hazard • Damage as a result of the destruction of man-made technologies and systems • Debris • Environmental protections (e.g., mangroves, wetlands) • Pollution Session 23