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THE RESEARCH PROCESS

THE RESEARCH PROCESS. CONCEPTUAL PHASE THE DESIGN AND PLANNING PHASE THE EMPIRICAL PHASE THE ANALYTIC PHASE THE DISSEMINATION PHASE. PHASES OF NURSING RESEARCH. FORMULATING AND DELIMITING THE PROBLEM Topic Research Problem

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THE RESEARCH PROCESS

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  1. THE RESEARCH PROCESS

  2. CONCEPTUAL PHASE • THE DESIGN AND PLANNING PHASE • THE EMPIRICAL PHASE • THE ANALYTIC PHASE • THE DISSEMINATION PHASE PHASES OF NURSING RESEARCH

  3. FORMULATING AND DELIMITING THE PROBLEM • Topic • Research Problem • Problem statement – articulates the problem to be addressed and indicates the need for a study • Research Questions – are the specific queries researchers want to answer in addressing the research problem • Research Hypothesis – predictions that are tested empirically • Null hypothesis • Research or alternative hypothesis CONCEPTUAL PHASE

  4. FORMULATING AND DELIMITING THE PROBLEM • Evaluating research problems • Significance of the problem – research problem should have the potential of contributing meaningfully to the nursing knowledge • Research ability of the Problem • Time and timing • Availability of study participants • Facilities and equipment • Money • Experience and interest of the researcher CONCEPTUAL PHASE

  5. 2. REVIEWING THE LITERATURE • Done to familiarize researchers with the knowledge base • PURPOSES: • Orient of what is known and not known regarding the topic • Replication of study • Identifications of relevant theoretical and conceptual framework • Assistance in interpreting study findings and developing implications and recommendations CONCEPTUAL PHASE

  6. PRIMARY SOURCES • Research reports/studies • SECONDARY SOURCES • Books • Literature review summaries SOURCES OF LITERATURE

  7. Selecting a research design • Identifying the population to be studied • Sampling plan • Methods to measure research variables • Finalizing the research study THE DESIGN AND PLANNING PHASE

  8. Based on: • Time Frame • Control over independent variable • Measurement of independent and dependent variables RESEARCH DESIGN

  9. TIME FRAME

  10. START WITH: EXPOSED NOT EXPOSED AND THEN FOLLOW TO SEE IF DISEASE DEVELOPS DISEASE DOES NOT DEVELOP DISEASE DEVELOPS DISEASE DOES NOT DEVELP Design of cohort study

  11. THEN DETERMINE EXPOSURE HISTORY Were not exposed Were not exposed Were exposed Were exposed Design of a case-control study HAVE THE DISEASE DO NOT HAVE THE DISEASE START WITH

  12. GROUPS COMPARED EXPOSED PEOPLE NON-EXPOSED PEOPLE AND IN A CASE-CONTROL STUDY GROUPS COMPARED PEOPLEWITH THE DISEASE PEOPLE WITHOUT THE DISEASE In A COHORT STUDY AND ‘CASES ‘ ‘CONTROLS’

  13. DETERMINE INCIDENCE RATES OF DISEASE IN: EXPOSED PEOPLE NON-EXPOSED PEOPLE AND IN A CASE-CONTROL STUDY DETERMINE THE PROPORTIONS EXPOSED IN: PEOPLE WITH THE DISEASE PEOPLE WITHOUT THE DISEASE In A COHORT STUDY AND CASES CONTROLS

  14. Not Exposed Exposed Develop Disease A Develop Disease A Do not Develop Disease A B Do not Develop Disease A C B B C B C C

  15. C C C C B B B B Exposed to A Not Exposed To A Exposed to A Not Exposed To A No Disease Disease cases Controls

  16. TIME FRAME

  17. CONTROL OVER INDEPENDENT VARIABLE

  18. Is there an intervention? No Yes NONEXPERIMENTAL Is there randomization? No Yes QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL EXPERIMENTAL

  19. MEASUREMENT OF INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT VARIABLES

  20. MEASUREMENT OF INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT VARIABLES

  21. POPULATION – aggregate or totality of those conforming to a set of specifications. • Nurses • Students • Children • Etc. IDENTIFYING THE POPULATION TO BE STUDIED

  22. SAMPLE – subset of a population • Sampling techniques: • Probability sampling • Systematic sampling • Fish bowl method • Nonprobability sampling • Purposive/Judgmental sampling • Snow ball technique • Convenience/accidental sampling DESIGNING THE SAMPLING PLAN

  23. Different methods of data collection • Biophysiologic measurements • Self-reports • Observation • Use of a research instrument • Questionnaires • Survey forms METHODS TO MEASURE RESEARCH VARIABLES

  24. Pretesting of questionnaires • Conducting a Pilot study FINALIZING THE RESEARCH PLAN

  25. Study Design General categories Observational Experimental Cross sectional Case control study Cohort study Community trials Clinical Trials

  26. Descriptive Studies Future Past Today Cross sectional (Prevalence) Retrospective (Case Control) Prospective (Incidence) Historical Prospective

  27. Descriptive Study: Advantages Cross sectional Retrospective Prospective Quick Cheap Large sample Attributes Prevalence Public health Rare disease Cheap Uses records Small sample Quick Risk factors Complete Risk factors Quality data Natural history Incidence Etiology

  28. It is also called prevalence study. • It is conduct at one point of time and try to concurrently evaluate exposure (risk factors ) and outcome (diseases) in a population. Cross-Sectional Study

  29. Questionnaire (include every information of interest) • Risk factors • Investigators Collection of data

  30. Cross-sectional Study Design Selection of study population -target appropriate population -acquire a “representative” sample -Sampling definitions -sampling unit: person, patient, household -Sampling frame: list of all sampling units -Sample: all sampling units chosen rule: each unit has the same probability of being chosen

  31. Simple random sampling • Systematic sampling • Stratified sampling • Cluster sampling • Multistage sampling Sampling

  32. Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome:8814 US Adults Age 20+ NHANES 1988-94, JAMA 2002 287

  33. Prevalence of Cardiovascular Disease in Women with Diabetes NHIS 1997-9 MMWR 2001 50:948-54

  34. Cross-sectional Studies Analysis: Study sample Cross-sectional collection of data Exposed w/o disease “b” No exposure w/disease “c” No exposure w/o disease “d” Exposed w/disease “a”

  35. Cross-sectional Studies Analysis: Study sample Cross-sectional collection of data Exposed w/o disease “b” No exposure w/disease “c” No exposure w/o disease “d” Exposed w/disease “a” Dis no dis Compare prevalence in exposed to prevalence in non-exposed a b Exp no exp Prevalence ratio = a / a+b c / c+d c d

  36. Cross-sectional Studies Common methods of Analysis: • -t-tests • -rate comparisons • -categorical data analysis • descriptive analysis • comparisons can be by • age, sex, or date, year

  37. The stages of statistic investigation 1st stage – composition of the program and plan of investigation 5th stage – putting into practice 4th stage – analysis of material, conclusions, proposals 2nd stage – collection of material 3ed stage – working up of material

  38. DATA COLLECTION • DATA ENCODING EMPIRICAL PHASE

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