Vision

1. Use the following ppt. to take notes on the structure of the eye. Before you tape the eye diagram into notes – take notes on wavelengths (Obj.7) Tape the eye into your notebook. You should label the eye and then define each part underneath your diagram. You will take additional notes on the retina after you define the structures. Vision

2. Objective 7: What is the energy we see as visible light? 1.Wavelength = hue/color • distance from 1 wave peak to the next • Hue (color) 2. Intensity = brightness • the amount of energy in light waves • Wave amplitude/height = brightness Frequency of a wave shows us color Height of a wave shows us brightness

3. The Physical Property of Waves Frequency of a wave shows us color HUE/ COLOR BRIGHTNESS Height of a wave shows us brightness

4. Objective 8: Eye Structure • Cornea • Pupil • Iris • Lens • accommodation • Retina

5. The Structure of the Eye

6. The Structure of the Eye Cornea = outer covering of the eye.

7. The Structure of the Eye Pupil = the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters.

8. The Structure of the Eye • Iris = a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening. • The iris dilates/constricts in response to changing light intensity

9. The Structure of the Eye Lens = the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina.

10. The Structure of the Eye Retina = the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information.

11. The Structure of the Eye Blind Spot = the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a “blind” spot because no receptor cells are located there.

12. The Structure of the Eye Fovea = the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye’s cones cluster.

13. The Structure of the Eye Optic Nerve = the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain.

14. The Retina retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; peripheral & twilight vision, when cones don’t respond *work well in dark* • Rods and Cones Cones Rods retinal receptor cells concentrated near the Center of the retina; function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. Detect fine detail & Color. *doesn’t work well in dark *

15. Objective 9:Visual Organization • Gestalt psychology- • Our brain’s tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes • GO TO MY BIG CAMPUS & TAKE NOTES ON THE VIDEOS YOU SEE FOR OBJECTIVES 9 -10-11

16. Figure Ground The organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground)

17. Objective 9Gestalt Psychology • Gestalt • An organized whole; our brains “fill in” the missing details • Figure-Ground • Grouping • Proximity • Similarity • Closure

18. Form PerceptionGrouping

19. Form PerceptionGrouping - Proximity We group nearby objects together

20. Form PerceptionGrouping - Similarity We group similar objects together

21. Form PerceptionGrouping - Closure We fill in gaps to create a complete, whole object

22. Objective 10: Depth Perception http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p6cqNhHrMJA Biology prepares us to be wary of heights but nonverbal cues matter • Depth perception • Visual-cliff The ability to see objects in 3D – the images that strike retina are 2D but hit at different times so see depth

23. Depth PerceptionBinocular Cues • Binocular cues • Retinal disparity • Eyes are 2 ½ inches apart • Brain compares images to judge how close an object is

24. Depth PerceptionMononocular Cues • Monocular cues • Depth cue available to each eye alone • Monocular cues • Relative height • Relative size • Interposition • Linear perspective • Relative motion • Light and shadow

25. Depth PerceptionMononocular Cues – Relative Height We perceive objects higher in our field of vision as farther away

26. Depth PerceptionMononocular Cues – Relative Size If we assume 2 objects are similar in size, most people perceive the one that casts the smaller retinal image as farther away

27. Depth PerceptionMononocular Cues - Interposition If one object partially blocks our view of another, we perceive it as closer.

28. Depth PerceptionMononocular Cues – Linear Perspective Parallel lines seem to meet in the distance. The sharper the angel of convergence, the greater the perceived distance.

29. Perceptual Adaptation The ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field • Humans adapt to a distorted world when wearing goggles that shifts location 30 degrees.

30. Hearing http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LsOo3jzkhYA 29 year old hears for first time http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-GA9gEh1fLs Little Boy hears for first time

31. Hearing & Other SensesObjectives 11

32. thalamus Cochlea = a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses. Oval window =middle earconnectsto the cochlea

34. The EarPerceiving Loudness • Brain interprets loudness from the number of activated hair cells Basilar membrane’s hair cells

35. PainUnderstanding Pain http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hrqi1B9Xbt0 Phantom Limb Therapy • Gate-control theory • Endorphins • Phantom limb sensations http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-DAgFwn4-w4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSjwy6Y7Y8M http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YL_6OMPywnQ Phantom Limb Treatment

36. Taste • Sweet, sour, salty and bitter • Taste buds • Age and taste http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Fhc0t_QNhs http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZC-WfUHUBSw Lemon Babies MSG

37. TasteSensory Interaction • Sensory interaction • Interaction of smell and taste • McGurk Effect • Interaction of other senses • synaesthesia http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rkRbebvoYqI http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G-lN8vWm3m0 McGurk Effect

38. Smell • Olfaction • Chemical sense • Oldest sense