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exam I motor strategies mate calling in crickets song production by  s

PART 3: MOTOR STRATEGIES #11: MATE CALLING IN CRICKETS I. exam I motor strategies mate calling in crickets song production by  s song recognition by  s sender-receiver matching summary. SENSORY INPUT MOTOR OUTPUT. VISION. CENTRAL INTEGRATION. COURT.

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exam I motor strategies mate calling in crickets song production by  s

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  1. PART 3: MOTOR STRATEGIES #11: MATE CALLING IN CRICKETS I • exam I • motor strategies • mate calling in crickets • song production by s • song recognition by s • sender-receiver matching • summary

  2. SENSORY INPUT MOTOR OUTPUT VISION CENTRAL INTEGRATION COURT OLFACTION FORAGE GUSTATION ATTACK AUDITION ESCAPE MOTIVATION FREEZE MOTOR STRATEGIES

  3. SENSORY INPUT MOTOR OUTPUT VISION CENTRAL INTEGRATION COURT OLFACTION FORAGE GUSTATION ATTACK AUDITION ESCAPE MOTIVATION FREEZE MOTOR STRATEGIES

  4. SENSORY INPUT MOTOR OUTPUT VISION CENTRAL INTEGRATION COURT OLFACTION FORAGE GUSTATION ATTACK AUDITION ESCAPE MOTIVATION FREEZE MOTOR STRATEGIES

  5. MOTOR STRATEGIES • complex activity, requires • eg, coordinated operation of limbs • often rapid & appropriate responses to environmental signals • sensory-motor interface... behavior itself changes requirements of subsequent behavior

  6. MATE CALLING IN CRICKETS • song production by s only... • innate recognition by s... • innate attraction by s • s navigate s... courtship • stereotypic song • many species... many different songs

  7. MATE CALLING IN CRICKETS • ~ 2600 modern cricket species • most work on 3 related temperate latitude families: • bush crickets (Tettigoniidae) • field crickets (Gryllidae) • mole crickets (Gryllotalpidae) • most nocturnal • high predation... many predators, avoid by • hiding, freezing, burrowing, fleeing, camouflage • short calls ~ ventriloquism... hard to locate

  8. MATE CALLING IN CRICKETS • song production in s by scraping wings together • several types of song • calling song • courtship song • aggressive song

  9. MATE CALLING IN CRICKETS • song production in s by scraping wings together • several types of song • calling song •  response  = positive phonotaxis • call & remain stationary... attract single  • call & move... attract many s • amplify & direct call using hollow trees, burrows • courtship song • aggressive song

  10. MATE CALLING IN CRICKETS • song production in s by scraping wings together • several types of song • calling song • courtship song • 1 of many signals (olfactory, visual, tactile) • aggressive song

  11. MATE CALLING IN CRICKETS • song production in s by scraping wings together • several types of song • calling song • courtship song • aggressive song • establish territory • threaten impending aggression

  12. MATE CALLING IN CRICKETS • several types of song • 1st…how NOT to study cricket songs… • calling song… • courtship song • aggressive song… • establish territory • threaten impending aggression

  13. SONG PRODUCTION BY s • calling by wing scissor motion = stridulation • file & scraper on wings • sound ~ comb • chirps & syllables • sonogram... amplify...

  14. SONG PRODUCTION BY s •  oscillogram • cycles • carrier frequency • 5 kHz • 1 scraper tooth • pulses • = syllables • 1 stridulation • chirps & trills • sequences

  15. HEAD SONG PRODUCTION BY s • cricket CNS • chain of ganglia = functional aggregates of neurons • linked by paired connectives • brain (3 fused) • sensory input • subeosphageal ganglion • thoracic ganglia (3) • abdominal ganglia (?)

  16. SONG PRODUCTIONCIRCUITRY • meso- & metathoracic ganglia • motor neurons innervate • wing elevator muscles • wing depressor muscles

  17. SONG PRODUCTIONCIRCUITRY • meso- & metathoracic ganglia • motor neurons innervate • wing elevator muscles • wing depressor muscles • observe a coordinated sequence of events… • record from • motoneuron • muscle... EMG • electromyogram

  18. SONG PRODUCTIONCIRCUITRY • correlate with • tegmen movement • muscle contraction • sound ... closing only • note timing of events • oscillating pattern • reciprocal output to antagonistic muscles • typical rhythmic motor activity... eg ,walking

  19. SONG PRODUCTIONCIRCUITRY • correlate • calls (A) • interneuron spikes • motoneuron spikes • activity (B) • inhibition (C) • thoracic ganglia contain central pattern generator

  20. TRIGGERING A SONG • central pattern generator (CPG)  call “machinery” • brain  call “decision”... from 3 experiments: • focal stimulation in head •  call & courtship songs • stimulate cervical connective (in “neck”) •  call & courtship songs • cut off head... stimulate individual neurons in cervical connective... •  call, courtship & aggression • single neurons encode each type of trigger

  21. TRIGGERING A SONG • central pattern generator (CPG)  call “machinery” • brain  call “decision” • signals not ~ timing of calls, only onset

  22. TRIGGERING A SONG • brain / cervical connective stimulation shows that... • behavior onset but not pattern timing ~ stimulation • descending signals need patterning from CPG • stimulus freq. ~ rate of chirping • only rate encoded by brain • stimulus freq. or strength   transition from call  courtship or aggression • weakest trigger  call

  23. TRIGGERING A SONG • brain / cervical connective stimulation shows that... • duration of brain stimulus ~ duration of call • constant brain stimulus required for call • some stimulation  call suppression... stimulus off  resumed calling more intense, often  courtship, postinhibitory rebound • ~ song  courtship in nature

  24. SONG RECOGNITION BY s •  song &  response studied for > 200 yrs • how do s • recognize song ? • navigate s ... phonotaxis ? • can test for hrs • distance constant • never “” • many versions of device... different questions

  25. SONG RECOGNITION BY s •  walks toward artificial call • zigzag pattern • oscillations 60° ~ direct line to source

  26. SONG RECOGNITION BY s • what song features attract s ? • computer-constructed songs played s • varied components • syllable rate • syllable duration • chirp rate • # syllables / chirp • duty cycle / chirp

  27. SONG RECOGNITION BY s • what song features attract s ? • computer-constructed songs played s • varied components • syllable rate • 30 / s • others not critical

  28. ears on forelegs • associated with trachea SONG RECOGNITION & LOCALIZATION • how does the  • first recognize the song ? • localize the song ? • 2 tympanic membranes • ~ 60 auditory receptor cells • auditory neurons  • auditory nerve CNS (prothoracic ganglion)

  29. SONG RECOGNITION & LOCALIZATION • tracheal tubes = insect “lungs” • connect tympanum  outside via spiracles • sound via 2 routes • direct • indirect • distance  ½ wave • pull / push

  30. BREAK

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