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1. This slide set was updated in April 2012 to include information on the on-line educational tool. Minor changes were made to standard information and formatting. The NICE Guideline has not changed.
ABOUT THIS PRESENTATION:
This presentation has been written to raise awareness of the NICE clinical guideline on Prostate cancer: diagnosis and treatment. This guideline has been written for healthcare professionals and other staff who care for men with prostate cancer.
It was updated in May 2009 to incorporate relevant elements of a joint implementations statement agreed between NICE and the British Association of Urological Surgeons (BAUS)
These cover
Hormonal therapy for biochemical relapse after primary treatment
The management of patients with low risk prostate cancer
Bisphosphonates and osteoporosis
Follow up of men with localised prostate cancer
You can download the guidance from the NICE website www.nice.org.uk/CG058.
You can add your own organisations logo alongside the NICE logo. We have included notes for presenters broken down into key points to raise for you to highlight these in your presentation and additional information that you may want to draw on . Where necessary the recommendations will be given in full.
DISCLAIMER
This slide set is an implementation tool and should be used alongside the published guidance. This information does not supersede or replace the guidance itself.
PROMOTING EQUALITY
Implementation of this guidance is the responsibility of local commissioners and/or providers. Commissioners and providers are reminded that it is their responsibility to implement the guidance, in their local context, in light of their duties to avoid unlawful discrimination and to have regard to promoting equality of opportunity. Nothing in this guidance should be interpreted in a way which would be inconsistent with compliance with those duties.
This slide set was updated in April 2012 to include information on the on-line educational tool. Minor changes were made to standard information and formatting. The NICE Guideline has not changed.
ABOUT THIS PRESENTATION:
This presentation has been written to raise awareness of the NICE clinical guideline on Prostate cancer: diagnosis and treatment. This guideline has been written for healthcare professionals and other staff who care for men with prostate cancer.
It was updated in May 2009 to incorporate relevant elements of a joint implementations statement agreed between NICE and the British Association of Urological Surgeons (BAUS)
These cover
Hormonal therapy for biochemical relapse after primary treatment
The management of patients with low risk prostate cancer
Bisphosphonates and osteoporosis
Follow up of men with localised prostate cancer
You can download the guidance from the NICE website www.nice.org.uk/CG058.
You can add your own organisations logo alongside the NICE logo. We have included notes for presenters broken down into key points to raise for you to highlight these in your presentation and additional information that you may want to draw on . Where necessary the recommendations will be given in full.
DISCLAIMER
This slide set is an implementation tool and should be used alongside the published guidance. This information does not supersede or replace the guidance itself.
PROMOTING EQUALITY
Implementation of this guidance is the responsibility of local commissioners and/or providers. Commissioners and providers are reminded that it is their responsibility to implement the guidance, in their local context, in light of their duties to avoid unlawful discrimination and to have regard to promoting equality of opportunity. Nothing in this guidance should be interpreted in a way which would be inconsistent with compliance with those duties.
2. What this presentation covers Background
Key priorities for implementation
Costs and savings
NICE Pathway and NHS Evidence
Discussion
Find out more
NOTES FOR PRESENTERS:
The NICE guideline contains lots of recommendations about how care can be improved, but the experts who wrote the guideline have chosen 11 key recommendations that they think will have the greatest impact on care and are the most important priorities for implementation.
The key priorities for implementation cover the following areas.
Communication and support
Diagnosing prostate cancer - biopsy
Determining the prostate cancer stage
Localised prostate cancer - treatment options
Active surveillance
Radical treatment
Managing the side effects of treatment
Managing relapse after radical treatment
Metastatic prostate cancer - hormone-refractory prostate cancer
Metastatic prostate cancer - palliative care.
Then we will highlight the NICE Pathway and look at NHS Evidence, and how this resource may help with keeping up to date with the latest evidence about prostate cancer.
Costs and savings that are likely to be incurred in implementing the guideline are summarised, followed by a suggested list of questions to help prompt discussion. Information on how to find out more about the support provided by NICE is given at the end of this presentation.
NOTES FOR PRESENTERS:
The NICE guideline contains lots of recommendations about how care can be improved, but the experts who wrote the guideline have chosen 11 key recommendations that they think will have the greatest impact on care and are the most important priorities for implementation.
The key priorities for implementation cover the following areas.
Communication and support
Diagnosing prostate cancer - biopsy
Determining the prostate cancer stage
Localised prostate cancer - treatment options
Active surveillance
Radical treatment
Managing the side effects of treatment
Managing relapse after radical treatment
Metastatic prostate cancer - hormone-refractory prostate cancer
Metastatic prostate cancer - palliative care.
Then we will highlight the NICE Pathway and look at NHS Evidence, and how this resource may help with keeping up to date with the latest evidence about prostate cancer.
Costs and savings that are likely to be incurred in implementing the guideline are summarised, followed by a suggested list of questions to help prompt discussion. Information on how to find out more about the support provided by NICE is given at the end of this presentation.
3. Background Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men, it accounts for 24% of all new male cancer diagnoses
The annual incidence in England is about 29,000 cases
Evidence shows practice variation and patchy availability of treatments and procedures around the country
Treatment and care should take into account the mans needs and preferences NOTES FOR PRESENTERS:
Key points to raise:
Information from Cancer Research UK: Prostate cancer is perhaps the most enigmatic malignancy in men. If men lived long enough, they would almost all die with histological evidence of the disease (Selly et al, 1997). However, only 3% of men would die as a consequence of prostate cancer.
This clinical guideline will help to address these issues and offer guidance on best practice.
Men with prostate cancer should have the opportunity to make informed decisions about their care and treatment, in partnership with their healthcare professionals. Information and support should be available at all stages of treatment and decision making. A holistic approach should be taken when caring for men with prostate cancer.
Additional information:
This guideline will support current national initiatives outlined in, for example, the NHS Cancer Plan, the Manual for Cancer Services for England and the Wales Cancer Standards. The guideline also refers to the NICE cancer service guidance documents Improving outcomes in urological cancers and Improving supportive and palliative care for adults with cancer and the clinical guideline documents Referral guidelines for suspected cancer.
NOTES FOR PRESENTERS:
Key points to raise:
Information from Cancer Research UK: Prostate cancer is perhaps the most enigmatic malignancy in men. If men lived long enough, they would almost all die with histological evidence of the disease (Selly et al, 1997). However, only 3% of men would die as a consequence of prostate cancer.
This clinical guideline will help to address these issues and offer guidance on best practice.
Men with prostate cancer should have the opportunity to make informed decisions about their care and treatment, in partnership with their healthcare professionals. Information and support should be available at all stages of treatment and decision making. A holistic approach should be taken when caring for men with prostate cancer.
Additional information:
This guideline will support current national initiatives outlined in, for example, the NHS Cancer Plan, the Manual for Cancer Services for England and the Wales Cancer Standards. The guideline also refers to the NICE cancer service guidance documents Improving outcomes in urological cancers and Improving supportive and palliative care for adults with cancer and the clinical guideline documents Referral guidelines for suspected cancer.
4. BAUS/NICE joint implementation statement (April 2009) Management of patients with low risk prostate cancer
Hormonal therapy for biochemical relapse after primary treatment
Bisphosphonates and osteoporosis
Follow up of men with localised prostate cancer
NOTES FOR PRESENTERS:
Since its publication BAUS and NICE have had discussions to ensure that there is clarity over some of the recommendations in order to support the implementation of the guideline.
The statement applies to:
The management of patients with low risk prostate cancer
It is expected that men with low risk prostate cancer suitable for radical treatment will be told about a range of treatment options including active surveillance, radiotherapy and surgery. This is to ensure that a fully informed joint decision on future care is made by the patient and his doctor. For patients choosing active surveillance, the decision about when and whether to carry out a re-biopsy should be made in consultation with the multi-disciplinary team.
Hormonal therapy for biochemical relapse after primary treatment
In asymptomatic men with biochemical progression after radical treatment, because of long lead times and difficulty in accurately measuring PSA doubling times, hormonal treatment should normally be deferred until PSA doubling times are around 3 months and account should be taken of the actual level of PSA.
In men with symptomatic recurrence or with bone metastases, hormone therapy should normally be started at the time these problems are detected.
Bisphosphonates and osteoporosis
The use of bisphosphonates to prevent or reduce the complications of bone metastases in men with hormone-refractory prostate cancer is not recommended. Bisphosphonates for pain relief may be considered for men with hormone-refractory prostate cancer when other treatments (including analgesics and palliative radiotherapy) have failed. The oral or intravenous route of administration should be chosen according to convenience, tolerability and cost. Strontium-89 should be considered for men with hormone-refractory prostate cancer and painful bone metastases, especially those men who are unlikely to receive myelosuppressive chemotherapy
Bisphosphonates should not be used routinely to prevent osteoporosis in men with prostate cancer receiving androgen withdrawal therapy. However because long term androgen deprivation is associated with osteoporosis, before men start androgen deprivation therapy assessment should normally be made of their individual risk. Local protocols should be developed which prior to androgen deprivation would include measurement of bone density, and assessment of risk based on site of metastases and which would include triggers for starting chemo-preventative treatment to reduce risk of future bone complications.
Follow up of men with localised prostate cancer.
Healthcare professionals should discuss the purpose, duration, frequency and location of follow-up with each man with localised prostate cancer, and if he wishes, his partner or carers. Men with prostate cancer should be clearly advised about potential longer term adverse effects of treatment and when and how to report them. If agreed between doctor, patient and GP, then men with prostate cancer who have chosen a watchful waiting regimen with no curative intent should normally be followed up in primary care in accordance with protocols agreed by the local urological cancer MDT and the relevant primary care organisation(s). Their PSA should be measured at least once a year.
NOTES FOR PRESENTERS:
Since its publication BAUS and NICE have had discussions to ensure that there is clarity over some of the recommendations in order to support the implementation of the guideline.
The statement applies to:
The management of patients with low risk prostate cancer
It is expected that men with low risk prostate cancer suitable for radical treatment will be told about a range of treatment options including active surveillance, radiotherapy and surgery. This is to ensure that a fully informed joint decision on future care is made by the patient and his doctor. For patients choosing active surveillance, the decision about when and whether to carry out a re-biopsy should be made in consultation with the multi-disciplinary team.
Hormonal therapy for biochemical relapse after primary treatment
In asymptomatic men with biochemical progression after radical treatment, because of long lead times and difficulty in accurately measuring PSA doubling times, hormonal treatment should normally be deferred until PSA doubling times are around 3 months and account should be taken of the actual level of PSA.
In men with symptomatic recurrence or with bone metastases, hormone therapy should normally be started at the time these problems are detected.
Bisphosphonates and osteoporosis
The use of bisphosphonates to prevent or reduce the complications of bone metastases in men with hormone-refractory prostate cancer is not recommended. Bisphosphonates for pain relief may be considered for men with hormone-refractory prostate cancer when other treatments (including analgesics and palliative radiotherapy) have failed. The oral or intravenous route of administration should be chosen according to convenience, tolerability and cost. Strontium-89 should be considered for men with hormone-refractory prostate cancer and painful bone metastases, especially those men who are unlikely to receive myelosuppressive chemotherapy
Bisphosphonates should not be used routinely to prevent osteoporosis in men with prostate cancer receiving androgen withdrawal therapy. However because long term androgen deprivation is associated with osteoporosis, before men start androgen deprivation therapy assessment should normally be made of their individual risk. Local protocols should be developed which prior to androgen deprivation would include measurement of bone density, and assessment of risk based on site of metastases and which would include triggers for starting chemo-preventative treatment to reduce risk of future bone complications.
Follow up of men with localised prostate cancer.
Healthcare professionals should discuss the purpose, duration, frequency and location of follow-up with each man with localised prostate cancer, and if he wishes, his partner or carers. Men with prostate cancer should be clearly advised about potential longer term adverse effects of treatment and when and how to report them. If agreed between doctor, patient and GP, then men with prostate cancer who have chosen a watchful waiting regimen with no curative intent should normally be followed up in primary care in accordance with protocols agreed by the local urological cancer MDT and the relevant primary care organisation(s). Their PSA should be measured at least once a year.
5. Communication and support Healthcare professionals should:
inform men and their partners or carers about the effects of prostate cancer and the treatment options on their sexual function, physical appearance, continence and other aspects of masculinity
support men and their partners or carers in making treatment decisions, taking into account the effects on quality of life as well as survival. NOTES FOR PRESENTERS:
General points to raise:
More information on communication and support is given in the NICE guideline, section 1.1.
Follow the communication recommendations given in Improving outcomes in urological cancers and Improving supportive and palliative care for adults with cancer (NICE cancer service guidance).
Advise on sources of information and support, including cancer information services, support groups and websites (for example, UK Prostate Link www.prostate-link.org.uk). Check their content is clear, reliable and up-to-date and seek feedback on their quality.
Key recommendation in full:
Healthcare professionals should adequately inform men with prostate cancer and their partners or carers about the effects of prostate cancer and the treatment options on their sexual function, physical appearance, continence and other aspects of masculinity. Healthcare professionals should support men and their partners or carers in making treatment decisions, taking into account the effects on quality of life as well as survival. [1.1.10]
NOTES FOR PRESENTERS:
General points to raise:
More information on communication and support is given in the NICE guideline, section 1.1.
Follow the communication recommendations given in Improving outcomes in urological cancers and Improving supportive and palliative care for adults with cancer (NICE cancer service guidance).
Advise on sources of information and support, including cancer information services, support groups and websites (for example, UK Prostate Link www.prostate-link.org.uk). Check their content is clear, reliable and up-to-date and seek feedback on their quality.
Key recommendation in full:
Healthcare professionals should adequately inform men with prostate cancer and their partners or carers about the effects of prostate cancer and the treatment options on their sexual function, physical appearance, continence and other aspects of masculinity. Healthcare professionals should support men and their partners or carers in making treatment decisions, taking into account the effects on quality of life as well as survival. [1.1.10]
6. Diagnosing prostate cancer: definitions NOTES FOR PRESENTERS:
Key points to raise:
Prostate specific antigen (PSA): a protein produced by the prostate gland and identified in the blood. Men with prostate cancer tend to have higher levels of PSA in their blood (although most men with prostate cancer have normal PSA levels). PSA levels may also be increased by conditions other than cancer and levels tend to increase naturally with age.
Gleason score: an internationally recognised grading system, based on examination of tissue obtained by prostate biopsy, where a pathologist allocates an overall cell abnormality score that can help predict prostate tumour progression. The scale runs from 2 to 10, with 2- 6 often described as 'non aggressive', 7 as 'moderately aggressive' and 8-10 as 'aggressive'.
Clinical stage - The TNM classification (see appendix 2, full guideline) is used to stage prostate cancer. It describes the extent of the primary tumour (T stage), the absence or presence of spread to nearby lymph nodes (N stage) and the absence or presence of distant spread, or metastasis (M stage).
T1 - Clinically unapparent tumour, not detected by digital rectal examination, or visible by imaging
T2 - Confined within the prostate
T3 - Tumour extends through the prostate capsule but has not spread to other organs
T4 - Tumour is fixed or invades adjacent structures other than seminal vesicles
NOTES FOR PRESENTERS:
Key points to raise:
Prostate specific antigen (PSA): a protein produced by the prostate gland and identified in the blood. Men with prostate cancer tend to have higher levels of PSA in their blood (although most men with prostate cancer have normal PSA levels). PSA levels may also be increased by conditions other than cancer and levels tend to increase naturally with age.
Gleason score: an internationally recognised grading system, based on examination of tissue obtained by prostate biopsy, where a pathologist allocates an overall cell abnormality score that can help predict prostate tumour progression. The scale runs from 2 to 10, with 2- 6 often described as 'non aggressive', 7 as 'moderately aggressive' and 8-10 as 'aggressive'.
Clinical stage - The TNM classification (see appendix 2, full guideline) is used to stage prostate cancer. It describes the extent of the primary tumour (T stage), the absence or presence of spread to nearby lymph nodes (N stage) and the absence or presence of distant spread, or metastasis (M stage).
T1 - Clinically unapparent tumour, not detected by digital rectal examination, or visible by imaging
T2 - Confined within the prostate
T3 - Tumour extends through the prostate capsule but has not spread to other organs
T4 - Tumour is fixed or invades adjacent structures other than seminal vesicles
7. Diagnosing prostate cancer: biopsy To help men decide, healthcare professionals should discuss with them their:
prostate specific antigen (PSA) level
digital rectal examination (DRE) findings
comorbidities
risk factors (age/ethnicity/family history)
history of a previous negative biopsy
Serum PSA alone should not automatically lead to biopsy, as it is a poor discriminator of the presence of cancer NOTES FOR PRESENTERS:
General points to raise:
The aim of prostate biopsy is to detect prostate cancers with the potential for causing harm rather than detecting each and every cancer. Men with clinically insignificant prostate cancers that are unlikely to cause symptoms or affect life expectancy may not benefit from knowing that they have the disease. Indeed, the detection of clinically insignificant prostate cancer should be regarded as an under-recognised adverse effect of biopsy.
Risk factors include increasing age and black African or black Caribbean ethnicity.
Key recommendation in full:
To help men decide whether to have a prostate biopsy, healthcare professionals should discuss with them their PSA level, DRE findings (including an estimate of prostate size) and comorbidities, together with their risk factors (including increasing age and black African or black Caribbean ethnicity) and any history of a previous negative prostate biopsy. The serum PSA level alone should not automatically lead to a prostate biopsy. [1.2.1]
Additional information:
PSA alone is a poor discriminator of the presence of cancer.
Rationale Traditionally anything up to 4 ng/ml for total PSA level (tPSA) was considered satisfactory. Above this value a biopsy would be considered. However, only around 30% of men with levels between 4-10 ng/ml will have prostate cancer on biopsy (Raaijmakers et al, 2004). Conversely as many as 15% of men with PSA values below 4 ng/ml will have cancer, and some of these will be clinically significant. A cut-off of 4 ng/ml is therefore not ideal and in clinical practice there is no precise PSA value at which to recommend a biopsy. For more information on the evidence please refer to the full guideline.NOTES FOR PRESENTERS:
General points to raise:
The aim of prostate biopsy is to detect prostate cancers with the potential for causing harm rather than detecting each and every cancer. Men with clinically insignificant prostate cancers that are unlikely to cause symptoms or affect life expectancy may not benefit from knowing that they have the disease. Indeed, the detection of clinically insignificant prostate cancer should be regarded as an under-recognised adverse effect of biopsy.
Risk factors include increasing age and black African or black Caribbean ethnicity.
Key recommendation in full:
To help men decide whether to have a prostate biopsy, healthcare professionals should discuss with them their PSA level, DRE findings (including an estimate of prostate size) and comorbidities, together with their risk factors (including increasing age and black African or black Caribbean ethnicity) and any history of a previous negative prostate biopsy. The serum PSA level alone should not automatically lead to a prostate biopsy. [1.2.1]
Additional information:
PSA alone is a poor discriminator of the presence of cancer.
Rationale Traditionally anything up to 4 ng/ml for total PSA level (tPSA) was considered satisfactory. Above this value a biopsy would be considered. However, only around 30% of men with levels between 4-10 ng/ml will have prostate cancer on biopsy (Raaijmakers et al, 2004). Conversely as many as 15% of men with PSA values below 4 ng/ml will have cancer, and some of these will be clinically significant. A cut-off of 4 ng/ml is therefore not ideal and in clinical practice there is no precise PSA value at which to recommend a biopsy. For more information on the evidence please refer to the full guideline.
8. Localised prostate cancer: treatment options NOTES FOR PRESENTERS:
Key points to raise:
This slide summarises the treatment options for men with low, intermediate or high risk localised prostate cancer: watchful waiting, active surveillance and radical treatments. The next slide (8) shows the risk stratification for localised prostate cancer and slide 9 gives more information on radical treatments.
Definitions of terms used:
Watchful waiting: this is a method of managing men with prostate cancer who are not suitable for radical treatment, involving treatment only if and when they develop symptoms. If men choose watchful waiting and show evidence of disease progression, they should be reviewed by a member of the urological cancer MDT.
Active surveillance: this is a method of managing men with low or intermediate-risk localised prostate cancer that aims to target radical treatment only to those who would benefit most.
Radical treatment: treatment given with the aim of cure, rather than just improving symptoms.
Prostatectomy - surgery to remove part, or all of the prostate gland. Radical prostatectomy aims at the removal of the entire prostate gland and lymph nodes. This can be performed by an open approach or by keyhole technique.
Brachytherapy - a form of radiotherapy given by inserting radioactive seeds directly into the prostate.
Conformal radiotherapy - radiotherapy that uses a number of different techniques to shape the beam and miss normal tissues.
Cryotherapy - treatment which aims to eradicate prostate cancer by freezing the prostate gland.
High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) - a technique where high-frequency ultrasound waves are aimed at the cancer, heating up the cells with the aim of causing cell death and eradicating the cancer.
Additional information:
Gy is an abbreviation for Gray, a unit of measurement of radiation exposure in radiotherapy.NOTES FOR PRESENTERS:
Key points to raise:
This slide summarises the treatment options for men with low, intermediate or high risk localised prostate cancer: watchful waiting, active surveillance and radical treatments. The next slide (8) shows the risk stratification for localised prostate cancer and slide 9 gives more information on radical treatments.
Definitions of terms used:
Watchful waiting: this is a method of managing men with prostate cancer who are not suitable for radical treatment, involving treatment only if and when they develop symptoms. If men choose watchful waiting and show evidence of disease progression, they should be reviewed by a member of the urological cancer MDT.
Active surveillance: this is a method of managing men with low or intermediate-risk localised prostate cancer that aims to target radical treatment only to those who would benefit most.
Radical treatment: treatment given with the aim of cure, rather than just improving symptoms.
Prostatectomy - surgery to remove part, or all of the prostate gland. Radical prostatectomy aims at the removal of the entire prostate gland and lymph nodes. This can be performed by an open approach or by keyhole technique.
Brachytherapy - a form of radiotherapy given by inserting radioactive seeds directly into the prostate.
Conformal radiotherapy - radiotherapy that uses a number of different techniques to shape the beam and miss normal tissues.
Cryotherapy - treatment which aims to eradicate prostate cancer by freezing the prostate gland.
High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) - a technique where high-frequency ultrasound waves are aimed at the cancer, heating up the cells with the aim of causing cell death and eradicating the cancer.
Additional information:
Gy is an abbreviation for Gray, a unit of measurement of radiation exposure in radiotherapy.
9. Active surveillance Men with low-risk localised prostate cancer who are considered suitable for radical treatment should first be offered active surveillance NOTES FOR PRESENTERS:
Key points to raise:
Active surveillance is the preferred option for low-risk men who are candidates for radical treatment.
It is particularly suitable for men with clinical stage T1c, Gleason score 3+3 and PSA density < 0.15 ng/ml/ml who have cancer in less than 50% of their biopsy cores, with < 10 mm of any core involved.
Candidates for active surveillance should:
- have had at least 10 biopsy cores taken
- have at least one re-biopsy which may be performed according to the ProSTART protocol
(A phase III randomized study of active surveillance versus radical treatment in patients with favorable-risk prostate cancer. Available from www.cancer.gov/clinicaltrials/CAN-NCIC-CTG-PR11).
If men on active surveillance show evidence of disease progression, offer radical treatment. Treatment decisions should be made with the man, taking into account comorbidities and life expectancy.
Key recommendation in full: as shown on slide [1.3.3]
Additional information:
Men with clinical stage T3-T4 cancers have locally advanced disease. There is no universally accepted definition of locally advanced prostate cancer. It covers a spectrum of disease from a tumour that has spread through the capsule of the prostate (T3a) to large T4 cancers that may be invading the bladder or rectum or have spread to pelvic lymph nodes (more information, including treatment options, is given in the NICE guideline, section 1.6).
NOTES FOR PRESENTERS:
Key points to raise:
Active surveillance is the preferred option for low-risk men who are candidates for radical treatment.
It is particularly suitable for men with clinical stage T1c, Gleason score 3+3 and PSA density < 0.15 ng/ml/ml who have cancer in less than 50% of their biopsy cores, with < 10 mm of any core involved.
Candidates for active surveillance should:
- have had at least 10 biopsy cores taken
- have at least one re-biopsy which may be performed according to the ProSTART protocol
(A phase III randomized study of active surveillance versus radical treatment in patients with favorable-risk prostate cancer. Available from www.cancer.gov/clinicaltrials/CAN-NCIC-CTG-PR11).
If men on active surveillance show evidence of disease progression, offer radical treatment. Treatment decisions should be made with the man, taking into account comorbidities and life expectancy.
Key recommendation in full: as shown on slide [1.3.3]
Additional information:
Men with clinical stage T3-T4 cancers have locally advanced disease. There is no universally accepted definition of locally advanced prostate cancer. It covers a spectrum of disease from a tumour that has spread through the capsule of the prostate (T3a) to large T4 cancers that may be invading the bladder or rectum or have spread to pelvic lymph nodes (more information, including treatment options, is given in the NICE guideline, section 1.6).
10. Radical treatment (1) Men undergoing radical external beam radiotherapy for localised prostate cancer should receive a minimum dose of 74 Gy to the prostate at no more than 2 Gy per fraction
This may also apply to some men with locally advanced prostate cancer
NOTES FOR PRESENTERS:
Key points to raise: All candidates for radical treatment should have the opportunity to discuss their treatment options with a surgical oncologist and a clinical oncologist.
Key recommendation in full: as shown on slide [1.3.15]
Additional information:
The radical treatment recommendations are given in 1.3.11-1.3.17 (refer back to Treatment options slide here for the full range of radical treatment options).
Offer radical radiotherapy (conformal) or radical prostatectomy to men with intermediate-risk localised prostate cancer and to men with high-risk localised disease if there is a realistic prospect of long-term disease control. [1.3.11 and 1.3.12]
Brachytherapy is not recommended for men with high-risk localised disease.
[ 1.3.13]
Clinical oncologists should use conformal radiotherapy for men with localised prostate cancer receiving radical external beam radiotherapy. (This may also apply to some men with locally advanced prostate cancer). [ 1.3.14]
Offer adjuvant hormonal therapy for a minimum of 2 years to men receiving radiotherapy who have a Gleason score of = 8. [ 1.3.16]
External beam radiotherapy: radiotherapy given by using ionising radiation (high energy X-rays) produced in a machine and directed at the tumour from outside the patient. Radiotherapy is usually given over an extended period of time. The dose delivered at each treatment is known as a fraction; therefore 74 Gy at no more than 2 Gy per fraction is equal to 37 outpatient attendances.
NOTES FOR PRESENTERS:
Key points to raise: All candidates for radical treatment should have the opportunity to discuss their treatment options with a surgical oncologist and a clinical oncologist.
Key recommendation in full: as shown on slide [1.3.15]
Additional information:
The radical treatment recommendations are given in 1.3.11-1.3.17 (refer back to Treatment options slide here for the full range of radical treatment options).
Offer radical radiotherapy (conformal) or radical prostatectomy to men with intermediate-risk localised prostate cancer and to men with high-risk localised disease if there is a realistic prospect of long-term disease control. [1.3.11 and 1.3.12]
Brachytherapy is not recommended for men with high-risk localised disease.
[ 1.3.13]
Clinical oncologists should use conformal radiotherapy for men with localised prostate cancer receiving radical external beam radiotherapy. (This may also apply to some men with locally advanced prostate cancer). [ 1.3.14]
Offer adjuvant hormonal therapy for a minimum of 2 years to men receiving radiotherapy who have a Gleason score of = 8. [ 1.3.16]
External beam radiotherapy: radiotherapy given by using ionising radiation (high energy X-rays) produced in a machine and directed at the tumour from outside the patient. Radiotherapy is usually given over an extended period of time. The dose delivered at each treatment is known as a fraction; therefore 74 Gy at no more than 2 Gy per fraction is equal to 37 outpatient attendances.
11. Radical treatment (2) High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) and cryotherapy
Not recommended other than in controlled clinical trials
NICE has had discussions with the British Association of Urological Surgeons (BAUS) and relevant research bodies
HIFU trial recruiting (June 2008)
Cryotherapy trial currently in design (June 2008) NOTES FOR PRESENTERS:
Key points to raise:
High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) and cryotherapy are not recommended for men with localised prostate cancer other than in the context of controlled clinical trials comparing their use with established interventions. [ 1.3.17]
[1] The GDG considered that the evidence base was insufficient to place High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) or cryotherapy in the pathway of care for men with prostate cancer. They recommended that further research is required:
Cryotherapy: NICE has been in discussion with Industry, the British Association of Urological Surgeons (BAUS) and the Health Technology Assessment programme of the National Institute for Health Research to identify a way forward. It is anticipated that a national data collection will be established and surgeons wishing to undertake this procedure will be expected to contribute to the evidence base. The design and nature of this national study will be discussed with the BAUS. At the present time if surgeons are collecting local data that will be available for national analysis then this should be considered in accordance with the NICE guideline.
HIFU: There is a current trial assessing the treatment of areas of prostate cancer within the prostrate gland (focal ablation) funded by Cancer Research UK.http://www.cancerhelp.org.uk/default.asp NICE has been in discussion with Industry and has been informed that Disease Registries are being established in the UK. If surgeons are recruiting patients into a trial or collecting registry data that will be available for comparative assessment then this should be considered in accordance with the NICE guidance.
NOTES FOR PRESENTERS:
Key points to raise:
High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) and cryotherapy are not recommended for men with localised prostate cancer other than in the context of controlled clinical trials comparing their use with established interventions. [ 1.3.17]
[1] The GDG considered that the evidence base was insufficient to place High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) or cryotherapy in the pathway of care for men with prostate cancer. They recommended that further research is required:
Cryotherapy: NICE has been in discussion with Industry, the British Association of Urological Surgeons (BAUS) and the Health Technology Assessment programme of the National Institute for Health Research to identify a way forward. It is anticipated that a national data collection will be established and surgeons wishing to undertake this procedure will be expected to contribute to the evidence base. The design and nature of this national study will be discussed with the BAUS. At the present time if surgeons are collecting local data that will be available for national analysis then this should be considered in accordance with the NICE guideline.
HIFU: There is a current trial assessing the treatment of areas of prostate cancer within the prostrate gland (focal ablation) funded by Cancer Research UK.http://www.cancerhelp.org.uk/default.asp NICE has been in discussion with Industry and has been informed that Disease Registries are being established in the UK. If surgeons are recruiting patients into a trial or collecting registry data that will be available for comparative assessment then this should be considered in accordance with the NICE guidance.
12. Managing the side effects of treatment Healthcare professionals should:
ensure that men and their partners have early and ongoing access to specialist erectile dysfunction services
ensure that men with troublesome urinary symptoms after treatment have access to specialist continence services
refer men with intractable stress incontinence to a specialist surgeon for consideration of an artificial urinary sphincter. NOTES FOR PRESENTERS:
Key points to raise:
Erectile dysfunction: Before treatment, men and their partners should be warned that treatment for prostate cancer will result in alteration of sexual experience, and may result in loss of sexual function. Men and their partners should be warned about the potential loss of ejaculation and fertility, sperm storage should be offered.
Men with prostate cancer who experience loss of erectile function should be offered phosphodiesterase (PDE5) inhibitors to improve their chances of spontaneous erections. If PDE5 inhibitors fail to work or are contraindicated, vacuum devices, intraurethral inserts, penile injections or penile prostheses should be offered as an alternative.
Troublesome urinary symptoms/stress incontinence: Conservative treatment of troublesome urinary symptoms may include coping strategies, along with pelvic floor muscle re-education, bladder retraining and pharmacotherapy. Injection of bulking agents into the distal urinary sphincter is not recommended to treat stress incontinence.
Key recommendations in full:
Erectile dysfunction: as shown on slide [1.4.8].
Related recommendations
Loss of sexual function and fertility [1.4.6- 1.4.10], access to psychosexual specialists [1.1.11].
Healthcare professionals should ensure that men with troublesome urinary symptoms after treatment have access to specialist continence services for assessment, diagnosis and conservative treatment. This may include coping strategies, along with pelvic floor muscle re-education, bladder retraining and pharmacotherapy [1.4.13].
Loss of urinary function, stress incontinence [1.4.11- 1.4.15].
Additional information:
Further information on managing the adverse effects of treatment is given in section 1.4, NICE guideline. Side effects may also include radiation-induced damage, side effects of hormonal treatments and pain. For more information on follow-up, see recommendations 1.3.18-1.3.23.
NOTES FOR PRESENTERS:
Key points to raise:
Erectile dysfunction: Before treatment, men and their partners should be warned that treatment for prostate cancer will result in alteration of sexual experience, and may result in loss of sexual function. Men and their partners should be warned about the potential loss of ejaculation and fertility, sperm storage should be offered.
Men with prostate cancer who experience loss of erectile function should be offered phosphodiesterase (PDE5) inhibitors to improve their chances of spontaneous erections. If PDE5 inhibitors fail to work or are contraindicated, vacuum devices, intraurethral inserts, penile injections or penile prostheses should be offered as an alternative.
Troublesome urinary symptoms/stress incontinence: Conservative treatment of troublesome urinary symptoms may include coping strategies, along with pelvic floor muscle re-education, bladder retraining and pharmacotherapy. Injection of bulking agents into the distal urinary sphincter is not recommended to treat stress incontinence.
Key recommendations in full:
Erectile dysfunction: as shown on slide [1.4.8].
Related recommendations
Loss of sexual function and fertility [1.4.6- 1.4.10], access to psychosexual specialists [1.1.11].
Healthcare professionals should ensure that men with troublesome urinary symptoms after treatment have access to specialist continence services for assessment, diagnosis and conservative treatment. This may include coping strategies, along with pelvic floor muscle re-education, bladder retraining and pharmacotherapy [1.4.13].
Loss of urinary function, stress incontinence [1.4.11- 1.4.15].
Additional information:
Further information on managing the adverse effects of treatment is given in section 1.4, NICE guideline. Side effects may also include radiation-induced damage, side effects of hormonal treatments and pain. For more information on follow-up, see recommendations 1.3.18-1.3.23.
13. Managing relapse after radical treatment Biochemical relapse (rising prostate specific antigen) alone should not necessarily prompt an immediate change in treatment
Hormonal therapy is not routinely recommended for men with prostate cancer who have a biochemical relapse unless they have:
symptomatic local disease progression, or
any proven metastases, or
a PSA doubling time < 3 months
NOTES FOR PRESENTERS:
Key points to raise:
More information on managing relapse after radical treatment is given in the NICE guideline, section 1.5.
Key recommendations in full: as shown on slide [1.5.5 and 1.5.9]
BAUS/NICE Implementation statement (April 2009)
Hormonal therapy for biochemical relapse after primary treatment
In asymptomatic men with biochemical progression after radical treatment, because of long lead times and difficulty in accurately measuring PSA doubling times, hormonal treatment should normally be deferred until PSA doubling times are around 3 months and account should be taken of the actual level of PSA.
In men with symptomatic recurrence or with bone metastases, hormone therapy should normally be started at the time these problems are detected.
Additional information:
Biochemical relapse should trigger an estimate of PSA doubling time, based on a minimum of 3 measurements over at least a 6 month period [1.5.6].
Men with biochemical relapse after radical prostatectomy, with no known metastases, should be offered radical radiotherapy to the prostatic bed [1.5.7].
Men with biochemical relapse should be considered for entry to appropriate clinical trials [1.5.8].
NOTES FOR PRESENTERS:
Key points to raise:
More information on managing relapse after radical treatment is given in the NICE guideline, section 1.5.
Key recommendations in full: as shown on slide [1.5.5 and 1.5.9]
BAUS/NICE Implementation statement (April 2009)
Hormonal therapy for biochemical relapse after primary treatment
In asymptomatic men with biochemical progression after radical treatment, because of long lead times and difficulty in accurately measuring PSA doubling times, hormonal treatment should normally be deferred until PSA doubling times are around 3 months and account should be taken of the actual level of PSA.
In men with symptomatic recurrence or with bone metastases, hormone therapy should normally be started at the time these problems are detected.
Additional information:
Biochemical relapse should trigger an estimate of PSA doubling time, based on a minimum of 3 measurements over at least a 6 month period [1.5.6].
Men with biochemical relapse after radical prostatectomy, with no known metastases, should be offered radical radiotherapy to the prostatic bed [1.5.7].
Men with biochemical relapse should be considered for entry to appropriate clinical trials [1.5.8].
14. Metastatic prostate cancer: hormone-refractory disease When men with prostate cancer develop biochemical evidence of hormone-refractory disease, their treatment options should be discussed by the urological cancer multidisciplinary team with a view to seeking an oncologist and/or specialist palliative care opinion, as appropriate NOTES FOR PRESENTERS:
Key points to raise:
The NICE guideline includes recommendations on hormonal therapy, managing the complications of hormonal therapy, hormone-refractory prostate cancer and palliative care.
More information on the pharmacological treatment of hormone-refractory prostate cancer (for example the use of docetaxel and corticosteroids) and recommendations on imaging are given in sections 1.7.10-1.7.22 of the NICE guideline.
Recommendations 1.7.16, 1.7.17 and 1.7.19 identify treatments which are NOT recommended.
Key recommendation in full: as shown on this slide [1.7.10]
Additional information:
Docetaxel is recommended, within its licensed indications, as a treatment option for men with hormone-refractory prostate cancer only if their Karnofsky performance-status score is 60% or more [1.7.11].
It is recommended that treatment with docetaxel should be stopped: at the completion of planned treatment of up to 10 cycles, or if severe adverse events occur, or in the presence of progression of disease as evidenced by clinical or laboratory criteria, or by imaging studies [1.7.12].
Repeat cycles of treatment with docetaxel are not recommended if the disease recurs after completion of the planned course of chemotherapy [1.7.13].
NOTE: These recommendations are from Docetaxel for the treatment of hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer (NICE technology appraisal guidance 101).NOTES FOR PRESENTERS:
Key points to raise:
The NICE guideline includes recommendations on hormonal therapy, managing the complications of hormonal therapy, hormone-refractory prostate cancer and palliative care.
More information on the pharmacological treatment of hormone-refractory prostate cancer (for example the use of docetaxel and corticosteroids) and recommendations on imaging are given in sections 1.7.10-1.7.22 of the NICE guideline.
Recommendations 1.7.16, 1.7.17 and 1.7.19 identify treatments which are NOT recommended.
Key recommendation in full: as shown on this slide [1.7.10]
Additional information:
Docetaxel is recommended, within its licensed indications, as a treatment option for men with hormone-refractory prostate cancer only if their Karnofsky performance-status score is 60% or more [1.7.11].
It is recommended that treatment with docetaxel should be stopped: at the completion of planned treatment of up to 10 cycles, or if severe adverse events occur, or in the presence of progression of disease as evidenced by clinical or laboratory criteria, or by imaging studies [1.7.12].
Repeat cycles of treatment with docetaxel are not recommended if the disease recurs after completion of the planned course of chemotherapy [1.7.13].
NOTE: These recommendations are from Docetaxel for the treatment of hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer (NICE technology appraisal guidance 101).
15. Metastatic prostate cancer: palliative care Healthcare professionals should ensure that palliative care is available when needed and is not limited to the end of life
It should not be restricted to being associated with hospice care NOTES FOR PRESENTERS
General points to raise:
The following related recommendations offer further guidance on this issue [1.7.23 -1.7.26].
Discuss the mans preferences for palliative care (and those of his partner and carers) as soon as possible.
Identify the preferred place of care.
Do not limit palliative care to hospice care; integrate into coordinated care and ensure it is available when needed.
Offer:
- tailored information and treatment and care plan
- access to specialist urology and palliative care teams to discuss changes in disease status or symptoms
- a regular assessment of the mans needs.
Key recommendation in full: shown on slide [1.7.27]
NOTES FOR PRESENTERS
General points to raise:
The following related recommendations offer further guidance on this issue [1.7.23 -1.7.26].
Discuss the mans preferences for palliative care (and those of his partner and carers) as soon as possible.
Identify the preferred place of care.
Do not limit palliative care to hospice care; integrate into coordinated care and ensure it is available when needed.
Offer:
- tailored information and treatment and care plan
- access to specialist urology and palliative care teams to discuss changes in disease status or symptoms
- a regular assessment of the mans needs.
Key recommendation in full: shown on slide [1.7.27]
16. Costs and savings per 100,000 male population NOTES FOR PRESENTERS:
The information on this slide has been extracted from the NICE costing report which has been provided by NICE to support implementation of this guidance. It was developed after careful consideration of the available data and by working closely with the guideline developers and other people in the NHS. It is not NICE guidance. Assumptions used in this report are based on assessment of the national average and it is recognised that local practice or circumstances may differ from this. The costs published in this report are estimates only and are not to be taken as the Institute's view of desirable, or maximum or minimum figures.
NICE has also provided a costing template to help calculate the local costs associated with implementing this guideline. The costs per 100,000 male population are summarised in the table.
It is recognised that implementation of the recommendations may take place over a number of years.
In addition, compliance with NICE guidance is one of the criteria indicating good risk reduction strategies, and in combination with meeting other criteria could lead to a discount on contributions to the NHS Litigation Authority schemes, including the clinical negligence scheme for trusts (CNST).
NOTES FOR PRESENTERS:
The information on this slide has been extracted from the NICE costing report which has been provided by NICE to support implementation of this guidance. It was developed after careful consideration of the available data and by working closely with the guideline developers and other people in the NHS. It is not NICE guidance. Assumptions used in this report are based on assessment of the national average and it is recognised that local practice or circumstances may differ from this. The costs published in this report are estimates only and are not to be taken as the Institute's view of desirable, or maximum or minimum figures.
NICE has also provided a costing template to help calculate the local costs associated with implementing this guideline. The costs per 100,000 male population are summarised in the table.
It is recognised that implementation of the recommendations may take place over a number of years.
In addition, compliance with NICE guidance is one of the criteria indicating good risk reduction strategies, and in combination with meeting other criteria could lead to a discount on contributions to the NHS Litigation Authority schemes, including the clinical negligence scheme for trusts (CNST).
17. Discussion Which recommendations will require a change in practice for you?
Which existing practices that are no longer recommended allow the transfer of resources?
What is the current service provision for erectile dysfunction, specialist continence radiology and palliative care services?
How do we ensure that patients and staff understand the difference between watchful waiting, active surveillance and the choices of treatment?
How do we do effectively support patients in deciding whether to have a prostate biopsy?
NOTES FOR PRESENTERS:
These questions are suggestions that we have developed to help provide a prompt for a discussion at the end of your presentation - please edit and adapt these to suit your local situation. As part of the discussion consider what you would need to implement this guideline.
NOTES FOR PRESENTERS:
These questions are suggestions that we have developed to help provide a prompt for a discussion at the end of your presentation - please edit and adapt these to suit your local situation. As part of the discussion consider what you would need to implement this guideline.
18. NICE Pathway NOTES FOR PRESENTERS:
Key points to raise
If you are showing this presentation when connected to the internet, click on the orange button to go straight to the NICE Pathways website. The front page includes a two minute video giving an overview of the features and content within the site, as well as the list of topics covered.
NICE Pathways: guidance at your fingertips
Our new online tool provides quick and easy access, topic by topic, to the range of guidance from NICE, including quality standards, technology appraisals, clinical and public health guidance and NICE implementation tools. Simple to navigate, NICE Pathways allows you to explore in increasing detail NICE recommendations and advice, giving you confidence that you are up to date with everything we have recommended.
The NICE pathway can be found at http://pathways.nice.org.uk/pathways/prostate-cancer
NOTES FOR PRESENTERS:
Key points to raise
If you are showing this presentation when connected to the internet, click on the orange button to go straight to the NICE Pathways website. The front page includes a two minute video giving an overview of the features and content within the site, as well as the list of topics covered.
NICE Pathways: guidance at your fingertips
Our new online tool provides quick and easy access, topic by topic, to the range of guidance from NICE, including quality standards, technology appraisals, clinical and public health guidance and NICE implementation tools. Simple to navigate, NICE Pathways allows you to explore in increasing detail NICE recommendations and advice, giving you confidence that you are up to date with everything we have recommended.
The NICE pathway can be found at http://pathways.nice.org.uk/pathways/prostate-cancer
19. NHS Evidence Visit NHS Evidence for the best available evidence on all aspects of prostate cancer
NOTES FOR PRESENTERS:
If you are showing this presentation when connected to the internet, click on the blue button to go straight to the NHS Evidence website topic page for prostate cancer.
For the home page go to www.evidence.nhs.ukNOTES FOR PRESENTERS:
If you are showing this presentation when connected to the internet, click on the blue button to go straight to the NHS Evidence website topic page for prostate cancer.
For the home page go to www.evidence.nhs.uk
20. Find out more Visit www.nice.org.uk/cg058 for:
Other guideline formats
Costing report and template
Audit support
Implementation advice
online educational tool from BMJ Learning for GPs and non-specialists
NOTES FOR PRESENTERS:
The guideline is available in a number of formats:
The NICE guideline which includes all of the recommendations in full. Appendix C of the NICE version contains the following algorithms: prostate cancer pathway, diagnosis and staging, localised disease, locally advanced disease, follow-up and relapse after radical treatment, metastatic disease, management of complications and side effects of treatment.
The full guideline which includes all of the evidence and rationale
Understanding NICE guidance a version for patients and carers
You can download these from the NICE websitewww.nice.org.uk.
NICE has developed tools to help organisations implement this guideline, which can be found on the NICE website.
Costing tools a costing report gives the background to the national savings and costs associated with implementation, and a costing template allows you to estimate the local costs and savings involved. These were correct when the guidance was published in 2008.
Audit support assists NHS trusts to determine how well they meet NICE recommendations.
Implementation advice gives details of how to put the guidance into practice and national initiatives that support this locally.
Online educational tool a free learning module for healthcare professionals from BMJLearning, specifically for GPs and non-specialists. (registration required)
NOTES FOR PRESENTERS:
The guideline is available in a number of formats:
The NICE guideline which includes all of the recommendations in full. Appendix C of the NICE version contains the following algorithms: prostate cancer pathway, diagnosis and staging, localised disease, locally advanced disease, follow-up and relapse after radical treatment, metastatic disease, management of complications and side effects of treatment.
The full guideline which includes all of the evidence and rationale
Understanding NICE guidance a version for patients and carers
You can download these from the NICE websitewww.nice.org.uk.
NICE has developed tools to help organisations implement this guideline, which can be found on the NICE website.
Costing tools a costing report gives the background to the national savings and costs associated with implementation, and a costing template allows you to estimate the local costs and savings involved. These were correct when the guidance was published in 2008.
Audit support assists NHS trusts to determine how well they meet NICE recommendations.
Implementation advice gives details of how to put the guidance into practice and national initiatives that support this locally.
Online educational tool a free learning module for healthcare professionals from BMJLearning, specifically for GPs and non-specialists. (registration required)
21. This slide is aimed at those using this slide set for awareness raising or teaching. It is not part of the presentation.This slide is aimed at those using this slide set for awareness raising or teaching. It is not part of the presentation.
