Globalisation and Crime

1. Globalisation and Crime

2. Globalisation and Crime: The Issues

3. What does globalisation mean? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JJ0nFD19eT8 Interconnectedness of societies. What happens locally is shaped by global forces.

4. Globalisation Definition: The way in which we seem to live in an increasingly ‘shrinking world’, where societies are becoming more interconnected and dependant on each other. Transnational crime Greater communication and travel have made the drugs industry extend beyond national boundaries. Often involving many countries the supply comes from south America (Colombia) and its demand from western countries. Risk consciousness Increased terrorism has increased our awareness of the international risks we face and increased security at our national borders, airports, ports and train stations. Increased crime Ian Taylor (1973) Marxist argues that globalisation has allowed capitalism to create more crime by exploiting workers abroad and creating fraud on a larger scale. manufacturing products abroad has led to a lack of jobs and opportunities for the working class, which leads them to crime. • Global crime (1 trillion) • Arms trafficking • Smuggling immigrants • Trafficking women and children • Sex tourism • Cyber-crimes – identity theft and child porn • Drugs trade • Money laundering Globalisation and crime Changing crime Hobbs and Dunningham say crime is now longer local but ‘Glocal’ meaning it involves networks of people across the globe. Gleeny (2008) argues even the mafia has gone global, it has franchised its businesses to different parts of the globe – McMafia

5. Globalisation and Crime Globalisation refers to the way in which the world is becoming much more interconnected and the barriers between countries are disappearing As a result there are new opportunities for crime and even new crimes being invented.

6. Castells (1998) Global Criminal Economy Transnational organised crime £1 trillion per annum Arms trafficking Nuclear materials trafficking People trafficking – smuggling illegal immigrants (often for prostitution) Cyber Crimes Sex tourism – transporting westerners to sex hot spots in developing countries Terrorism Drugs Money laundering

7. Castells (1998) Supply & Demand A lot of this is supply led by the developing countries and demand led by the western world. Such threats have led to many countries wanting to tighten borders as fear of problems being imported is heightened by the media reporting of such crimes

8. Global Sex Trade 21st Century Sex Slaves Stacey Dooley Investigates: Sex Trafficking in Cambodia https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NJzI1_jX5RI https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fWeY5lETpqU

9. Drug-related deaths (England and Wales 2004) Cocaine 575 Amphetamine 384 Ecstasy 227 Solvents 246 Opiates (heroin, morphine & methadone) 4,976 Alcohol 25,000 - 200,000 Tobacco 500,000

10. Drugs...the scale of the problem:

11. Cocaine in Central/South America What could these numbers represent? 17,000 43% $10,000,000,000 31 $12,000,000,000 90%

12. 17,000 Columbians die every year as a result of Cocaine related murders. • 43% of the worlds Cocaine originates from Columbia • $10,000,000,000 is the estimated profit made from Cocaine each year in Columbia. • 31 is the age at which one in 50 men in the Central American region will be murdered before. • $12,000,000,000 is how much the Columbian government invests in the war against Cocaine each year. • 90% of the Cocaine used in the US is from Columbia.

13. Shocking statistic • A new UN report says that one in 50Central American 20-year-old men will be murdered before they turn 31. Unsurprisingly, the UN Office on Drugs and Crime says the situation is nearing a "crisis point." • The report places much of the blame on violence between drug trafficking groups in the last five years, • The murder rate in Central America had fallen between 1995 and 2005, before heading sharply upward beginning in 2007. It's now "several hundred times higher than in some parts of Asia,"

14. Columbia • South American country • By far the worlds biggest producer and (illegal, obviously) exporter of cocaine (43% world share, worth billions per year) • Manufactured by impoverished farmers under the instruction of drug lords/barons. • A gram of cocaine sells on the Colombian streets for just £1.00 • Cocaine is the cause of 17,000 murders every year in Colombia.

15. Global Risk Consciousness

16. Global risk consciousness https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eEE5IPxv-O4

19. Taylor (1997) Globalisation, K and Crime

20. Taylor (1997) Crime at both ends of the spectrum

21. Taylor (1997) Globalisation and K. New Patterns of Employment. Use of ‘flexible work’ – increase in subcontractors. More likely to flout minimum wage and H&S laws. CRITIQUE: • Useful link between global trends and K.  Free will – not all poor people turn to crime.

22. GLOCAL Locally based crime with international connections Hobbs and Dunningham (1998) “GLOCAL” Use the phrase ‘glocal organisation’ to show how new types of gang structures have arisen to cope with the new global markets, especially for drugs. New gangs do not have the old rigid hierarchies of the past. They are much more fluid and flexible: They often run crime in a particular local area – but also have international connections. However, critics argue that such gangs have always existed alongside the more structured ones.

23. Glenny (2008) – McMafia Uses the example of new Russian gangs to illustrate a new order since the changes in Eastern Europe. Many former officials bought up such things as coal, gas, steel, diamonds at low prices after the changes and have made mega millions as they sold them on to the West. These are referred to as ‘oligarchs’. Old style KGB were enlisted to provide protection and have become world famous e.g. Chechen Mafia. Like with glocal organisations above these are fluid structures and very unlike traditional Italian and US mafia which have deep seated family linked hierarchy https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XO1Me-MY-Q0

24. Criticisms • Is the world really becoming that interconnected? • Maybe, but it clearly benefits some more than others. • Is globalisation a positive thing?

25. Question • Which perspective would agree with Taylor’s views about how globalisation causes crime ‘at both ends’? Explain your answer.

26. Key ideas Defined as crimes against the environment such as toxic waste dumping and deforestation. Green crime is linked with globalisation as the world is one single eco-system. Ulrich Beck reminds us that many environmental issues are manufactured rather than natural. Traditional criminology If pollution that causes global warming is legal and no real crime has been committed then traditional criminology is not interested. Green criminology Less bound by laws but by harm caused to the environment or people. Green criminology is a much wider field and so called Transgressive Criminology – goes beyond traditional criminology. Environmental/ Green crime Harm Anthropocentric is a human centred approach which assumes humans have the right to dominate nature for their own ends. The Ecocentricview sees humans and their environment as interdependent, so harming one is harming another. Green criminology takes the ecocentric approach. • Secondary crimes • Crimes that result from flouting rules aimed at preventing an environmental disaster. • State violence against oppositional groups – despite opposing terrorism states have used the method themselves. • Hazardous waste and organised crime –illegal dumping. • Primary crimes • Crimes that result directly from the destruction of the earth:- • Crimes of air pollution. • Crimes of deforestation. • Crimes of species decline and animal rights. • Crimes of water pollution.

27. A Global Risk Society? • Ulrich Beck (1992) in Late Modern Society – the risks to humanity are made made and have global consequences. • Global Warming?

28. Green Crime This is essentially crime against the environment and can be very subjective. This is because with globalisation we can no longer think and do things as separate countries because we all share the same globe and all the bits are inter- connected. Pollution from factories in one country affect the rain falling in another etc. Traditional Criminology Looks at criminal law to see if any have been broken. However this approach is criticised for accepting too readily the ‘official definitions’ sponsored by big business and interest groups who do a lot of the damage.

29. Green Criminology Takes a more radical approach and focuses on the ‘harm’ being done. As different countries have different laws Green Criminology has to overstep these boundaries – referred to as ‘transgressive’ criminology. Green criminology therefore adopts a global perspective on crimes relating to the environment. Similar to Marxist approaches it looks at the powerful groups in the world and how often unacceptable practices are defended as legitimate actions

30. Activity: Bhopal • How would traditional and green criminology view the Bhopal disaster http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NaWVsa0dv9k&feature=player_embedded 30 tons of cyanide gas. 20,000 dead. 120,000 continue to suffer. Traditional criminology – breach of H&S legislation. Green criminology – wider perspective – the company locates dangerous work in poorer countries with weak health & safety legislation.

31. Anthropocentrism V EcocentricismWhite (2008) • The anthropocentric view states that mankind has the right to dominate nature for its own ends • Economic growth before the environment. • The ecocentric view sees humans and their environment as interdependent. • Harming the environment = harms humans ! • Green Criminology is ecocentric

32. Nigel South (2008) Two views of harm

33. Types Of Green Crimes Nigel South (2008) divides green crimes into 2 categories Primary Crimes – those that destroy the earth’s resources Water Pollution Contaminated drinking water, marine pollution, toxic dumping and untreated sewage. Air Pollution Burning fossil fuels, carbon emissions = global warming Governments, big business and ourselves as consumers can all be considered criminals

34. Species Decline Many species are becoming extinct. Illegal trafficking in animals and parts is increasing. Deforestation Clearing the rain forests has had a big effect on the world’s eco system. Criminals here are loggers, governments and other big organisations

35. Secondary Crimes – these are crimes resulting from rules being flouted by governments and big business. In 1985 the Greenpeace ship ‘Rainbow Warrior’ was blown up in New Zealand by the French Secret Service Governments oppose terrorism but will resort to it to protect their interests!

36. Hazardous waste and organised crime. Disposing toxic waste has become a big business in itself. But economic profit has been placed above safety on many occasions Developing countries are often used as dumping grounds as they can make money out of it.

37. Green Crime – An evaluation:  Green crime has helped to focus on the global ramifications of many illegal and legal (but morally suspect) actions.  However, because of its very global concerns it is hard to define the boundaries of right and wrong – and many argue that this whole debate is one of ethics, values and subjectivity.

38. Eugene McLaughlin (2001) • Four types of state crime:- • Political crimes - corruption or censorship (controlling what the media says). • Crimes by security and police forces – Genocide and torture. • Economic crime - violations of health and safety. • Social and cultural crimes - institutional racism. • Definition • Crimes or deviant activities perpetrated by or with permission of state agencies. • Examples:- • Genocide (deliberate and systematic destruction of an ethnic, national or religious group). • War crimes • Torture • Imprisonment without trial • Assassination Case studies Pol Pot – Leader of the Communist party in Cambodia. Slave labour, malnutrition, poor medical care resulted in the death of 21% of the population (1.7 -2.5M). State crimes The problem of national sovereignty States are the supreme authority within their borders. The problem is the state is the source of law meaning it decides what crimes are, manages the criminal justice system and prosecutes offenders, meaning it can evade its own law. Abu Ghraib A prison in Baghdad Controlled by US led coalition forces. Accusations of abuse in 2004 – 11 soldiers charge and convicted for mistreatment. Nazi Germany Hitler started the T4 – euthanasia program from 1939 – 1941. 275,000 terminally ill and mental patients were killed.

39. Scale of the problem? • Potentially – large Pol Pot – 2 million people. • State has a monopoly on violence and can easily conceal their activities. • Media focus on Third World dictators. • Crimes of the West – USA and UK not often explored (What about military use of torture?) • Principle of National Sovereignty.

40. State defines the laws • State can define what is criminal and direct the criminal justice system. • 1938 – Nazi Government made sterilisation of disabled people legal.

41. Abu Ghraib • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rz7UNxnOI3M

42. Human rights The right to life, liberty and free speech. Civil rights The right to vote, to privacy, fair trial and education. Problem States create laws which make their actions legal and free them from criminal charges. Solution Herman and Schwendinger (1970) argue we should define crime as a violation of human rights rather than law breaking. States that deny humans their rights are then seen as criminals. This new approach has been called Transgressive criminology as it transgresses (goes beyond) the traditional boundaries of criminology (criminal law). Human rights • The social conditions of state crimes • Three features which produces state crimes:- • Authorisation – obedience. • Routinisation – pressure to continue. • Dehumanisation – Enemy is a monster. • Stanley Cohen – The spiral of state denial (1996) • Three ways dictators deny human rights violations:- • Stage 1: ‘It didn’t happen’, this works until the media uncover evidence that it did. • Stage 2: ‘If it did happen, it is something else’. • Stage 3: ‘Even if it is what you say it is, its justified’ we had to do it. New problem Not everybody agrees on human rights. Is freedom from poverty a human right? Could states be charged as criminals for not making its members wealthy?

43. Human Rights & State Crimes Human rights involve: Civil rights – rights to vote, a fair trial etc Natural rights – life itself, freedom, free speech etc. A ‘right’ means that you are entitled to something…

44. H and J Schwendinger (1970) Believed that all crimes should be defined in relation to these ‘rights’ rather than breaking rules Any state can make rules to suit any purpose Eg. Nazis passed laws making it ‘legal’ to persecute Jews As sociologists we should hold up human rights as the bottom line when defining deviant acts. – TRANSGRESSIVE criminology.

45. Criticisms of Human Rights Approach Critics argue that there is no overall agreement on what counts as ‘human rights’ Some things like ‘a right to life’ being a basic right is virtually agreed on but what about death penalties? Economic exploitation can be seen as immoral by some but is it criminal?

46. S. Cohen (2001)Spiral of Denial Dictatorships often deny and democratic states use complex forms of legitimisation • Cohen says that there is a 3 stage spiral of denial • Denying that anything has happened. • It looks bad but it is not what it looks like – ‘we didn’t mean to bomb the school’ in war collateral damage happens! • It is unfortunate but justified – eg self defence – war on terrorism war etc

47. Techniques of neutralisation…. Cohen borrows from the work of Matza to show how states use the same techniques as individuals to explain/excuse their actions Denial of victim – They are terrorists…etc Denial of injury – they started it…..it is self defence Denial of responsibility – I was following orders… Condemning the condemners – they are picking on us Appeal to higher loyalty – there is a bigger cause and sacrifices are inevitable…Protecting freedom, protecting Islam, protecting Judaism..etc

48. Kelman and Hamilton (1989) Looked at how social conditions in modern society can lead to horrific crimes being carried out. They studied the case of My Lai – an infamous incident during the Vietnam war where 400 civilians were massacred by US soldiers. They identified 3 features that produce such ‘crimes of obedience’

49. Authorisation This is where acts are ordered by someone in charge. Milgram famously showed this principle in action in his electric shock psychological study. Normal moral principles are over ruled by the need to obey authority

50. 2. Routinisation There is pressure to turn the act into a routine so it can be performed again and again in a detached manner.