Structural and skeletal formula

1. Structural and skeletal formula L.O.: Understand and use the term structural formula. Understand and use the term skeletal formula. Draw skeletal formulae for simple molecules containing functional groups. Draw and interpret the skeletal formula for complex molecules.

2. Displayed and structural formulae for (a) propane and (b) 1-bromopropane

3. Displayed formula shows the relative positioning of all the atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them. A skeletal formula is a simplified organic formula, with hydrogen atoms removed from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups.

4. decanoic acid

5. Displayed and skeletal formulae of hexane

6. Displayed, structural and skeletal formulae for (a) pentaneand (b) 3-methylpentane

9. Aromatic hydrocarbons

10. Skeletal formula for pent-2-ene

11. Skeletal formula for butan-2-ol

12. Skeletal formula for pentanoic acid

13. Paracetamol

14. Retinol, vitamin A

15. Salbutamol

16. Isomerism • L.O.: • Describe structural isomers, stereoisomers and E/Z isomerism, including cis–trans isomerism. • Determine possible structural formulae and/or stereoisomers from a molecular formula.

17. Structural isomers of C4H10

18. Structural isomerism Where the atoms are arranged together in different ways, with different chemical bonds e.g. • Branched or unbranched hydrocarbon chain, • Functional groups coming off of different carbons, • Different kinds of functional groups (an aldehyde or a ketone for example)

19. Structural isomers of C3H8O

21. Stereoisomer are compounds with the same structural formula, but with a different arrangement of the atoms in space.

22. E and Z isomers of CICH=CHCI

23. E/Z isomerism is a type of stereoisomerism in which different groups attached to each carbon of a C=C double bond may be arranged differently in space because of the restricted rotation around C=C bond

24. E and Z isomers of but-2-ene

25. E and Z isomers

26. Naming E/Z isomers Providing that there are two different groups on each side of the double bond, then we put a E or a Z in front of the molecule to denote this • E = when the two are on different sides • Z = when they are on the same side Mnemonic: Z when they are on Ze Zame Zide

27. Naming E/Z isomers 2 Z-1,2-dichloroethene E-1,2-dichloroethene

28. Naming alkenes These two molecules look very similar, but are actually two different stereoisomers Z-but-2-ene E-but-2-ene

29. Z or E isomers? Name these molecules: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

30. Organic reagents and their reactions L.O.: • Describe the different types of covalent bond fission – homolytic and heterolytic. • Define the terms: nucleophile; electrophile; radical; addition; and substitution

31. A radical: an species with an unpaired electron.

32. A covalent bond can be broken in one of two way: • Homolytic fission: two radical are formed • Heterolytic fission: two different species are formed (cation and anion)

33. Define: Nucleophile, electrophile

34. Substitution reaction An atom or group is replaced with a different atom or group of atoms.

35. Addition reaction Two reactants combine together to make one product.

36. Elimination reaction One reactant reacts to form two products.