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Chapter 10 – Earth Science

Chapter 10 – Earth Science. By: Alan White Arika Brown. Question 1. What are the three concentric zones of Earth? Core, mantle, and crust. Question 2. Between the inner and outer parts of the core, which is solid and which is liquid? Inner – Solid Outer - Liquid

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Chapter 10 – Earth Science

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  1. Chapter 10 – Earth Science By: Alan White Arika Brown

  2. Question 1 • What are the three concentric zones of Earth? • Core, mantle, and crust

  3. Question 2 • Between the inner and outer parts of the core, which is solid and which is liquid? • Inner – Solid • Outer - Liquid • The core is mainly composed of what element? • Iron

  4. Question 3 • Between the inner and outer parts of the mantle, which is melted rock and which is solid rock? • Inner – Melted • Outer - Solid • The inner mantle is also known as the _______. • Asthenosphere • The outer mantle along with the crust is also known as the ________. • Lithosphere

  5. Question 4 • Define the theory of plate tectonics. • Explains the movements of plates and processes that occur at their boundaries • What is a divergent boundary? • Plates are pushed apart • Convergent boundary? • Plates are pushed together • Transform fault? • Plates slide past each other

  6. Question 5 • Internal and external processes: which one breaks down the Earth and which one builds it up? • Internal builds up, external breaks down

  7. Question 6 • Define erosion. • Material is loosened and deposited elsewhere • Name and describe the two types of weathering. • Mechanical – physical processes break large locks into smaller rocks (frost wedging) • Chemical – chemical processes react to dissolve rock

  8. Question 7 • Solid inorganic compounds that occur naturally are what? • Minerals • Large natural continuous parts of Earth’s crust are what? • Rocks

  9. Question 8 • What are the three types of rocks? How are they formed? • Igneous – Lava cools into rock • Sedimentary – Sediments are compacted into rock • Metamorphic – High pressures and temperatures are applied to rocks • Lava rock is? • Igneous • Marble is? • Metamorphic • Sandstone is? • Sedimentary

  10. Question 9 • What occurs where magma reaches the Earth’s crust? • Volcanoes • What occurs when there is an abrupt movement on an existing fault line. • Earthquakes

  11. Question 10 • What are ways to reduce the effects of earthquakes and volcanoes. • Land use planning • Identification of high risk zones • Evacuation plans • Etc… • Earthquake tremors are measured with what scale? • Richter scale

  12. Question 11 • What are the four main layers of a soil profile? • O, A, B, and C horizons • Which layer contains leaf litter. • O horizon • Which layer contains bedrock. • C horizon

  13. Question 12 • Soil texture is determined by what three things? • Clay, sand, and silt percentages • What is soil porosity? • Measure of the number of pores in soil and the average distance between these pores • What is soil permeability? • Rate at which air and water flow through soil

  14. Question 13 • Name and describe the four main types of water erosion. • Splash – water drops erode soil • Sheet – water flows down slopes, removing sheets of soil • Rill – Flowing water cuts rills in the soil • Gulley – Successive rains cut rills deeper • What is gulley reclamation? • Water is diverted away from a gulley • What is salinization? • Salts build up in the soil, reducing productivity

  15. Question 14 • Is soil a renewable resource? • Yes • What is it called when productive potential decreases by 10% or more? • Desertification • What are some factors that contribute to this process? • Deforestation • Overgrazing • Farming

  16. Question 15 • What is conservation-tillage farming? • Farming that attempts to keep soil undisturbed • What is terracing? • Converting a slope in a series of steps to farm on • Contour farming? • Planting crops along the slope of the land • Strip cropping? • Planting alternating rows of crops and grasses • Agroforestry? • Planting rows of crops between two rows of trees

  17. Question 16 • What is a difference between organic and inorganic fertilizers? • Organic fertilizers contain animal or plant matter • Inorganic fertilizers are created from minerals • What is animal manure? • Animal waste plowed into the soil to add nutrients • Green manure? • Plant matter plowed into the soil to add organic matter • Compost? • Humus-like material rich in organic matter and nutrients • Spores? • Mycorrhizae fungi in spores attach to plant roots, increasing growth

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