BIOCHEMISTRY FOR MEDICAL STUDENTS

3. DEFINITION • PROPERTIES OF LIFE • TOPICS • IMPORTANT FUNCTIONAL GROUPS • IMPORTANT CHEMICAL REACTION • NEEDED FOR ALL AREAS OF SCIENCE • THERE IS A BIOCHEMICAL BASIS FOR ALL HUMAN DISEASE • ROLE IN MEDICINE • Instructors BIOCHEMISTRY FOR MEDICAL STUDENTS Azin Nowrouzi (TUMS, Fall 2012)

4. ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE • Big Bang theory • CREATION OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS • CHEMISTRY • ORIGIN OF LIFE • CHEMISTRY OF CARBON • APPEARANCE OF LIFE • BIOCHEMISTRY • Biochemistry is the study of chemistry of living things. This includes organic chemical and their reactions. • Most people consider biochemistry to molecular biology DEFINITION Azin Nowrouzi (TUMS, Fall 2012)

5. A Brief History of Biochemistry • Early 19th Century • World made of either "living matter" (organic) or "non-living matter" (inorganic).(Vitalism) • 1828 Friedrich Wohler accomplished the synthesis of Urea from inorganic matter. • 1897Edvard and Hans Buchner showed dead cell extracts can perform reactions of living cells. • The molecules responsible for performing these reactions are called enzymes • Late 1800's Emil Fischer suggested key/lock picture. • Substrate º Key, Enzyme º Lock • Early 1900's Field of biochemistry emerges • Structure and function of enzymes • Elucidating enzymatic pathways • 1944 Genes composed of DNA • 1953 Watson and Crick determine the structure of DNA • Biological function linked to the information in genes Azin Nowrouzi (TUMS, Fall 2012)

6. Azin Nowrouzi (TUMS, Fall 2012)

7. Molecular Logic of Life • Energy converted to work • Catalytic chemical transformations • Assembly of molecules with great complexity from simple subunits. • Complex molecules combine to form supra molecular components, organelles and finally assemble into a cell. • Store and pass on instructions for the assembly of all future generations from simple non-living precursors Azin Nowrouzi (TUMS, Fall 2012)

8. PROPERTIES OF LIFE Azin Nowrouzi (TUMS, Fall 2012)

9. 1. Structurally complicated and highly organized • a. intricate internal structures • b. many kinds of complicated molecules • proteins, DNA, RNA, starches, and lipids etc. (inanimate objects sand clay are mixtures of simple compounds) • 2) Living organisms: • a. extract • b. transform ENERGY • c. store • d. use What distinguishes living organisms? Azin Nowrouzi (TUMS, Fall 2012)

11. 3) Most characteristic attribute of living things is self-replication and self assembly • it is the quintessence of the living state • 1 single bacteria  109 in 24 hr • inanimate matter does not do this • also the near-perfect fidelity of this process is awesome! • A crystal at equilibrium grows but life at equilibrium is death! • Life is a set of relationships characterizing the nature, function and interaction of biomolecules. Azin Nowrouzi (TUMS, Fall 2012)

12. More complex molecules increases chemical versatility • Specific pairing of functional groups gives rise to complementarity • Complementarity makes it possible for macromolecules to replicate • Over time natural selection favored molecules that made accurate copies of themselves Replication through complementarity Azin Nowrouzi (TUMS, Fall 2012)

13. Azin Nowrouzi (TUMS, Fall 2012)

14. Prefixes used for decimal fractions and multiples of SI units

15. 1 angstrom = 0.1 nm 1Å = 10 -10 m 1pm=10-12 m = 0.01 Å Range of the sizes of objects studies by Biochemist and Biologist

16. TOPICS Azin Nowrouzi (TUMS, Fall 2012)

17. STRUCTURAL BIOCHEMISTRY (building blocks) • CARBOHYDRATES (SUGARS) • PROTEINS • LIPIDS • NUCLEIC ACIDS • ENZYMES • VITAMINS & COENZYMES • BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES IN LIVING SYSTEMS • METABOLISM OF • CARBOHYDRATES • PROTEINS • LIPIDS • ENERGY • OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION • MOLECULAR BIOLOGY • DNA REPLICATION • DNA TRANSCRIPTION • mRNA TRANSLATION • CENTRAL DOGMA OF LIFE TOPICS Azin Nowrouzi (TUMS, Fall 2012)

18. Many Important Biomolecules are Polymers lipids proteins carbo nucleic acids monomer polymer supramolecular structure

19. BIOCHEMISTRY IS NEEDED FOR ALL AREAS OF SCIENCE Azin Nowrouzi (TUMS, Fall 2012)

20. BIOCHEMICAL BASIS FOR DISEASE Azin Nowrouzi (TUMS, Fall 2012)

21. ROLE IN MEDICINE (carbohydrate) Diabetic ulcers Azin Nowrouzi (TUMS, Fall 2012)

22. Change in hemoglobin structure ROLE IN MEDICINE (proteins) Sickle-cell disease (SCD), or sickle-cell anaemia Azin Nowrouzi (TUMS, Fall 2012)

23. ROLE IN MEDICINE (lipids) Azin Nowrouzi (TUMS, Fall 2012)

24. ROLE IN MEDICINE (nucleic acids) Azin Nowrouzi (TUMS, Fall 2012)

25. ROLE IN MEDICINE (oxidation) Azin Nowrouzi (TUMS, Fall 2012)

26. ROLE IN MEDICINE (environmental pollution) (Free radicals) Azin Nowrouzi (TUMS, Fall 2012)

27. Azin Nowrouzi (TUMS, Fall 2012)

28. ROLE IN MEDICINE (dehydration, overhydration) Azin Nowrouzi (TUMS, Fall 2012)

29. ROLE IN MEDICINE (acids and bases) • Alkalosis, acidosis Azin Nowrouzi (TUMS, Fall 2012)

30. ROLE IN MEDICINE (deficiency diseases) • Vitamin deficiency, mineral deficiency Kashin-Beck Disease Deficiency of selenium Pellagra- Vit B3 deficiency Azin Nowrouzi (TUMS, Fall 2012)

31. ROLE IN MEDICINE (mental diseases) • Depression • Alzheimer’s Azin Nowrouzi (TUMS, Fall 2012)

32. ROLE IN MEDICINE Azin Nowrouzi (TUMS, Fall 2012)

33. IMPORTANT FUNCTIONAL GROUPS Azin Nowrouzi (TUMS, Fall 2012)

34. Important functional groups in biochemistry Azin Nowrouzi (TUMS, Fall 2012)

35. Azin Nowrouzi (TUMS, Fall 2012)

36. Diethyl ether Azin Nowrouzi (TUMS, Fall 2012)

37. Azin Nowrouzi (TUMS, Fall 2012)

38. Azin Nowrouzi (TUMS, Fall 2012)

39. Azin Nowrouzi (TUMS, Fall 2012)

40. Azin Nowrouzi (TUMS, Fall 2012)

41. Amides Azin Nowrouzi (TUMS, Fall 2012)

42. Also called an Acyl chloride Azin Nowrouzi (TUMS, Fall 2012)

43. Azin Nowrouzi (TUMS, Fall 2012)

44. Chemical bonds: Ionic bonds Azin Nowrouzi (TUMS, Fall 2012)

45. Chemical bonds: Covalent bonds Azin Nowrouzi (TUMS, Fall 2012)

46. Chemical bonds: Covalent bonds Azin Nowrouzi (TUMS, Fall 2012)

47. Azin Nowrouzi (TUMS, Fall 2012)

48. Azin Nowrouzi (TUMS, Fall 2012)

49. Azin Nowrouzi (TUMS, Fall 2012)

50. Azin Nowrouzi (TUMS, Fall 2012)