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Global Good Clinical Practice

Global Good Clinical Practice. Summary of The Class. Define the Good Clinical Practice and guidance to be followed. Define the members of Clinical Research Team, and the responsibilities for each member including the role of clinical research associate and clinical research coordinator.

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Global Good Clinical Practice

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  1. Global Good Clinical Practice

  2. Summary of The Class Define the Good Clinical Practice and guidance to be followed. Define the members of Clinical Research Team, and the responsibilities for each member including the role of clinical research associate and clinical research coordinator.

  3. THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HARMONIZATION (ICH) • Organized to provide opportunity for global harmonization of drug development regulated by requirements • Concerned with harmonization of technical requirements for registration of pharmaceutical products among 3 regions: • United states, the European Union, and Japan

  4. THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HARMONIZATION (ICH) • One of the goals of harmonization is to identify and then reduce differences in technical requirements for drug development among regulatory agencies. • FDA heavily involved and committed to harmonization initiatives • Many medical device sponsors typically follow ICH when conducting activities for clinical trials, but modify to device standards. • ISO 14155: Clinical Investigation of medical devices for Human subjects– Good Clinical Practices • http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail?csnumber=4555

  5. ICH TOPICS • Four major categories. • ICH Topic Codes assigned according to these categories • Q = “Quality” Topics, i.e., relating to chemical and Quality assurance • S = “safety” Topics, i.e., relating to in vitro and in vivo pre-clinical studies • M = “Multidisciplinary” topics, i.e., cross-cutting topics which do not fit uniquely into one of other categories • E = “Efficacy” Topics, i.e., relating to clinical studies in human subject

  6. ICH “E” TOPICS E1: The extent of Population Exposure to Assess Clinical Safety E2: Clinical Safety E3: Structure and content of Clinical Study reports E4: Dose-Response Information to Support Drug Registration E5: Ethnic Factors in the Acceptability of Foreign Clinical Data E6: Good Clinical Practice (GCP) E7: Clinical Trials in Special Populations– Geriatrics CT Design E8: General considerations E9: Statistical Principles for Clinical Trials E10: Choice of Control Group E11: Clinical Investigation of Medicinal Products in the Pediatric Population E12: Therapeutic Categories

  7. GOOD CLINICAL PRACTICE (GCP) • GCPs: Rules of conducting clinical research that is scientifically sound and upholds ethical principles • GCP originated with World Health Organization “Declaration of Helsinki” written and adopted in response to WWII war crimes • GCP strengthened and broadened by the US “ Belmont Report”

  8. GOOD CLINICAL PRACTICE (GCP) • Purposes of GCPs • Protect the rights, safety and welfare of research subjects • Assure the integrity of clinical data • “Compliance with ICH GCP standard provides public assurance that the rights, well-being and confidentiality of trial subjects are protected and that trial data are credible”

  9. GOOD CLINICAL PRACTICE (GCP) • What constitutes GCPs? • ICH guidelines, and federal regulations and guidelines; • FDA regulations and other governmental agencies such as OSHA; • State and local laws; • Institutional SOPs: IRB, Sponsor, Hospital; • State Practice Acts, ethical principles, and standards of care; • Protocols and other study specific guidelines

  10. GOOD CLINICAL PRACTICE (GCP) • ICH draft guideline on GCP • Published in the Federal register on 8/17/95 (60 FR 42948) • ICH Guideline: effort to define GCP, to create and provide unified standard for designing, conducting, recording and reporting trials that involve the participation of human subjects • Published in the Federal Register on 5/9/97 as an adopted guideline

  11. DEFINITION OF GCP • ICH definition of Good Clinical Practice • International ethical and scientific quality standard for designing, conducting, recoding, and reporting trials that involve the participation of human subjects • Another industry definition: • Standard for design, conduct, performance, monitoring, auditing, recording, analysis, and reporting of clinical trials that provides assurance that data and reported results are credible and accurate and that rights, integrity and confidentiality of trial subjects are protected

  12. PRINCIPLES OF GCP • Clinical trials should be conducted in accordance with the ethical principles that have their origin in the declaration of Helsinki and that are consistent with applicable regulatory requirements. • Foreseeable risks should be weighed against anticipated benefits for the individual and for society as a whole; a trial should only be imitated if anticipated benefits justify the risks. • The rights, safety, and well being of the trial subjects are the most important considerations, prevailing over interests of science and society • The available non-clinical and clinical information on an investigational product should be adequate to support the proposed clinical trial.

  13. PRINCIPLES OF GCP • Clinical trials should be scientifically sound, and described in a clear, detailed protocol. • A trial should be conducted in compliance with the protocol and amendments(s) that have received prior Institutional Review Board approval. • The medical care given to, and medical decisions made for subjects should always be the responsibility of a qualified physician. • Each individual involved in conducting a trial should be qualified by education, training, and experience to perform his or her respective task(s).

  14. PRINCIPLES OF GCP • Freely given informed consent should be obtained from every subject prior to clinical trial participation. • All clinical trial information should be recorded, handled, and stored in a way that allows its accurate reporting, interpretation, and verification. • The confidentiality of records that could identify subjects should be protected, respecting the privacy and confidentiality of the individual. • Investigational products should be manufactured, handles, and stored in accordance with applicable Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP).

  15. Suggested References • GCP for FDA-regulated Trials & E-mail Updates: http://www.fda.gov/oc/gcp/default.htm • International Conference on Harmonization: http://www.ich.org

  16. THE CLINICAL RESEARCH TEAM

  17. Roles & Responsibilities • Objectives • Identify the members of the clinical research team; • Describe their primary roles and responsibilities; • Recognize the types of sponsor/CRO Investigator site visits; • Apply the roles and responsibilities of the Clinical Research Associate and the Clinical Research Coordinator

  18. Introduction • Clinical Research Associate (CRA) and Clinical Research Coordinator (CRC) play integral role in product development • CRA • Sponsor’s first line representative with investigative site personnel • Monitors for sponsor that clinical trial being handled according to protocol and Good Clinical Practice • CRC • Assists investigator to ensure that clinical trial successfully implemented and completed • Key liaison between investigator, subject, ethics board and sponsor

  19. Clinical Research Team • Sponsor • Contract Research Organization (CRO) • Investigational Sites/Institution/Investigator • Ethics Committee/Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) • Regulatory Agencies [Food & Drug Administration (FDA)] • Research Subjects/Patients/Participants • Others • For example: Central Labs, Randomization services, safety Boards Refer to Table in Handout 3.

  20. SPONSOR RESPONSIBILIIES • CFR REGULATING SPONSOR RESPOSIBILITIES: • GENERAL [21 CFR 312.50 & 21 CFR 812.40]; • Transfer of Obligations to a Contract Research Organization (CRO) [21 CFR 312.52]; • Selecting Investigators and Monitors [21 CFR 312.53 & 21 CFR 812.43]; • Informing Investigators [21 CFR 312.55 & 21 CFR 812.45].

  21. SPONSORS MUST • Recruit qualified Investigators and obtain suitable documentation concerning their training and experience (therapeutic area & research); • Secure a signed statement of intention to comply with the Federal Regulations from the Investigators (Form FDA-1572 or Statement of Investigator) • Provide detailed information to investigators concerning the properties of and risks associated with the study product; • Develop a complete protocol for each trial including detailed descriptions of the study plan and specific procedures;

  22. SPONSORS MUST • Cont. • Select competent monitors to conduct the initiation and closeout visits and to periodically monitor the progress of the trial; • Monitor all aspects of study performance to assure compliance with the protocol and good clinical practice (GCP); • Conduct audits of recorded clinical data, preferably by direct comparison with original source documentation; • Ensure that the FDA and all participating Investigators are promptly informed of significant new adverse effects or risks with respect to the product;

  23. SPONSORS MUST • Cont. • Ship investigational product only to Investigators participating in the trial. • Obtain the following from each Investigator, prior to shipping any investigational product: • Statement of Investigator • IRB approval of the protocol and informed consent • Protocol approval/signature page • CTA: Clinical Trial Agreement (contract)

  24. SPONSOR RESPONSIBILIIES • DRUG: A signed Statement of Investigator (From FDA-1572) • Form FDA-1572 serves as an agreement between the Investigator and the sponsor outlining PI roles and responsibilities, and provides information about the site. • The original “1572” is usually sent to the sponsor by the site and copies are maintained at site. • The sponsor is not required to send the 1572 to the FDA. • The sponsor may choose to send the 1572 to the FDA to provide required information for the IND. • FDA does not require execution of a new 1572, but sponsors do in their SOPs.

  25. SPONSOR RESPONSIBILIIES • Cont. • DRUG: A signed Statement of Investigator (From FDA-15720) • For example updating the form when: • Addition of new study personnel or withdrawal of study personnel, • Change of address for: Principal Investigator, Location of research facility, Institutional Review Board, Laboratory (& other vendor addresses noted), • Change or addition of: Institutional Review Board, Sub-Investigators, protocol title change, locations where study patients are seen and records are maintained.

  26. SPONSOR RESPONSIBILIIES • DEVICE: Statement of Investigator • Serves as a agreement between investigator and sponsor • From each participating investigator signed agreement includes: • Investigator’s CV • Statement of Investigator’s relevant experience, including the dates, location, extent, and type of experience, and • If Investigator was involved in an investigation or other research that was terminated (if so, an explanation of the circumstances that led to termination).

  27. SPONSOR RESPONSIBILIIES • Cont. • DEVICE: Statement of Investigator • A statement of the Investigator’s commitment to: • Conduct the investigation in accordance with the agreement, the investigational plan, other applicable FDA regulations, and conditions of approval imposed by the reviewing IRB or FDA; • Supervise all testing of the device involving human subjects; and • Ensure that the requirements for obtaining informed consent are met.

  28. SPONSOR RESPONSIBILIIES • Informing investigators • Investigators are supplied with current product labeling before study begins; • Investigator must be informed of new observations discovered or reported on product by: • Revising investigational labeling to include new findings from ongoing pre-clinical research or earlier clinical trials; • Providing Investigating with relevant reprints or published studies; • Sending study report updates or letters to clinical Investigators.

  29. SPONSOR RESPONSIBILIIES • FORM FDA-1572 Review • http://www.fda.gov/aboutfda/reportsmanualsforms/forms/default.htm • Two options, latest 2012 version and may use the 2006 version in case “if the newer version does not work for you” FDA website link listed above.) • Form expiration date is not applicable to the investigator and sponsor. It is related to the agency’s administrative activities. Refer to 2010 FAQ guidance. Suggested reference July 2008 Frequently Asked Questions—Statement of Investigator (Form FDA 1572) http://ww.fda.gov/OHRMS/DOCKETS/98fr/FDA-2008-D-0406-gdl.pdf

  30. INVESTIGATOR RESPONSIBILIIES • GENERAL QUALIFICATIONS • An Investigator must be: • An appropriately qualified person; • Trained and experienced in clinical research; • Familiar with the background of the study drug and requirements of the study; • Known to have high ethical standards and professional integrity. Handout 4

  31. INVESTIGATOR RESPONSIBILIIES • GENERAL • Obtain IRB approval of a study protocol and informed consent; • Enroll the required number of qualified subjects and obtain informed consent from all subjects; • Administer (or supervise the administration of) the study drug/device and maintain accurate accountability for all clinical supplies received b the site; • Observe, measure, and record the effect of the drug/device; • Record all other data pertinent to the study;

  32. INVESTIGATOR RESPONSIBILIIES • Cont. • General • Evaluate, manage, and report adverse experiences; • Submit protocol changes to the IRB for approval; • Notify the IRB if any problems which pose a threat to the welfare of the subjects; • Retain and make study documentation available to sponsor representatives and FDA inspectors for data verification purposes, and • Comply with all other procedures as specified in the protocol, sponsor SOPs, and Good Clinical Practice (GCP).

  33. INVESTIGATOR RESPONSIBILIIES • Control of the Investigational drug/Device • [21 CFR 312.61 & 21 CFR 812.110] • Investigator must administer the product only to subjects under the Investigator’s personal supervision, • Or under the supervision of a sub-investigator responsible to the investigator; • Investigator must not supply investigational product to any person unauthorized/unqualified.

  34. INVESTIGATOR RESPONSIBILIIES • Record keeping and record retention • [21 CFR 312.62 & 21 CFR 812.140] • Investigator must maintain the accurate, complete, and current records relating to investigator’s participation in an investigation; • Study Correspondence: • Investigator is required to keep all correspondence with another investigator, IRB, sponsor, monitor, or FDA regarding work on a clinical trial.

  35. INVESTIGATOR RESPONSIBILIIES • Cont. • Record keeping and record retention • [21 CFR 312.62 & 21 CFR 812.140] • Disposition of Investigational Product: • Investigator required to maintain adequate records of receipt, use and disposition of investigational product • e.g. dates dispensed, quantity used by subject, etc. • Case Histories: • Examples, Source Documents and Case Report Forms; • Investigator required to prepare and maintain adequate and accurate records of all observations and other data pertinent to investigation on each subject participating.

  36. INVESTIGATOR RESPONSIBILIIES • Cont. • Record keeping and record retention • [21 CFR 312.62 & 21 CFR 812.140] • Records retention: • Investigator must retain study related records for two years following date marketing application approved, or for two years after withdrawal off application, • e.g. investigator completing trial in 1980 must retain all study records until 1997, if application for approval such as NDA, not approved until 1996.

  37. INVESTIGATOR RESPONSIBILIIES • INVESTIGATOR REPORTS • [21 CFR 312.64 7 21 CFR 812.150] • Progress reports • Investigator much furnish study progress reports to IRB and sponsor; • Investigator progress reports are required annually by IRB, although some IRBs require more frequent reporting; • Both sponsor and/or FDA may request more frequent reporting for special circumstances.

  38. INVESTIGATOR RESPONSIBILIIES • Cont. • INVESTIGATOR REPORTS • [21 CFR 312.64 7 21 CFR 812.150] • Safety Reports: • Investigator must promptly report to sponsor any adverse effect that may reasonably be regarded as caused by or, probably caused by investigational product • Timing of these reports usually spelled out in study protocol • If investigator deems safety event to meet regulatory criteria for serious, • Investigator must report adverse event immediately to sponsor

  39. INVESTIGATOR RESPONSIBILIIES • Cont. • INVESTIGATOR REPORTS • [21 CFR 312.64 7 21 CFR 812.150] • Safety Reports: • For device trials, unexpected effects must also be reported immediately to sponsor; • Investigator must report safety events to the reviewing IRB as required by that IRB; • Typically, events reported immediately to sponsor are also reported promptly to IRB.

  40. INVESTIGATOR RESPONSIBILIIES • Cont. • INVESTIGATOR REPORTS • [21 CFR 312.64 7 21 CFR 812.150] • Final Report: • Investigator provides sponsor and IRB/TEC with final report shortly after completing participation in trial; • Usually includes number of subjects enrolled, completed, withdrawn, number of deaths, SAEs and protocol violations. • Templates

  41. INVESTIGATOR RESPONSIBILIIES • ASSURANCE OF IRB REVIEW • [21 CFR 312.66 & 21 CFR 812.110] • Investigator assures that IRB in compliance with Part 56 of CFR, and responsible for IRB initial and continuing review and approval of the study; • Investigator must promptly report to IRB all changes in research activity and all unanticipated problems involving risks to humans;

  42. INVESTIGATOR RESPONSIBILIIES • Cont. • ASSURANCE OF IRB REVIEW • [21 CFR 312.66 & 21 CFR 812.110] • Investigator will not make changes in reassert without prior IRB approval, except where necessary to eliminate apparent immediate hazards to subjects; • Investigator must be familiar and compliant with the reviewing IRB’s requirements for submission of information and reports; • Examples of information required by the IRB may include: • Safety information and events, protocol deviations, and study progress reports.

  43. INVESTIGATOR RESPONSIBILIIES • INSPECTION OF RECORDS 7REPORTS • [21 CFR 312.68 & 21 CFR 812.145] • Investigator must allow properly authorized FDA representatives to inspect facilities and study records.

  44. Clinical Trial Chain of Command Good Clinical Practice Investigator Institutional Review Board (IRB) Sponsor Patient FDA

  45. Overview of site Study Monitoring Activities and Visits

  46. Overview of site Study Monitoring Activities and Visits SITE QUALIFICATION (PRE-STUDY) • Technically, a site qualification visit is not required by FDA regulations, however the FDA Guideline from 1988-2010 stated • That the sponsor is responsible for assuring, through personal contact between the monitor and each investigator, that the investigator clearly understands and accepts the obligations incurred in undertaking a clinical trial. • The FDA monitoring guidance was deactivated in 2001. A replacement Draft was released in August of 2011 promoting a risk-based approach to determining how a site will be monitored by the sponsor. • 2011 FDA Draft Guideline: Oversight of Clinical Investigations---A risk-Based Approach to Monitoring (refer to Guidance).

  47. Overview of site Study Monitoring Activities and Visits • Cont. • INVESTIGATOR’S MEETINGS & STUDY INITIATION: • THESE SPONSOR MONITOING ACTIVITIES WILL BE REVIEWED IN LATER CHAPTER. • PERIODIC (INTERIM) MONITORING: • Periodic sponsor activities remote and/or onsite to research sites, the only required sponsor activity (periodic monitoring, adequate monitoring) required by regulations;---discussed in later chapter. • STUDY SITE TERMINATION (CLOSE-OUT) • THESE SPONSOR STUDY CISITS WILL BE REVIEWED IN LATER CHAPTER.

  48. CRA • CRA VS. MONITOR • Terms often used interchangeably; • CRA is a specific level of “monitor”. Usually the job responsibilities focus on managing assigned sites. • The monitor could be a sponsor study manager, CRA supervisor, etc. The sponsor procedures usually list “monitor” to allow flexibility for personnel to conduct required activities. • A CRA is an industry term for an individual designated by a sponsor to monitor the progress if a clinical investigation. • Role of a CRA encompasses much more than the actual process of “monitoring” • Source document verification, assessing protocol adherence and compliance with GCP.

  49. CRA • WHO ARE Monitors? • May be nurses, scientists, engineers, pharmacists, etc. (medical or non-medical backgrounds); • FDA requires a monitor to be qualified by “:training and experience”. • Need not be a person qualified to diagnose and treat disease or condition under investigation, like a physician, • Although somewhere in direct line of review of study data there should be a person so qualified (Medical Monitor). • Sometimes called CRA “Site Managers”; the role may be in-house and/or field based.

  50. Overview of CRA Responsibilities • May be part of a team that conducts some or all of the following activities remotely and/or at site: • Protocol Development: • Prepare draft protocols • Collaborate with statisticians • Coordinate protocol review and approval processes • Confirm protocol submission to appropriate regulatory agencies • Prepare protocol amendments

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