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Scientific Method Terminology & Concepts Proof/Prove Hypothesis Bias Uncertainty

Explore the scientific method, bias, uncertainty, and terminologies like hypothesis and proof. Dive into observational methods, paradigms, and the importance of recognizing assumptions in scientific research. Learn about indigenous cultures' spiritual outlook on the world and their conservation practices.

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Scientific Method Terminology & Concepts Proof/Prove Hypothesis Bias Uncertainty

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  1. Scientific Method • Terminology & Concepts • Proof/Prove • Hypothesis • Bias • Uncertainty

  2. Scientific Method • Process • Observation • Careful; Include as many parameters as possible • Observations  Induction  Question  Hypothesis • Question • Hypothesis • Possible cause • Reflect past experience (educated guess) • Multiple (consider alternative explanations) • Testable • Falsifiable • Prediction • Hypothesis/Principle  Deduction  Prediction • Experiment • Experimental group, Control group, Replication • Results/Interpretation • Scientific Theory

  3. Scientific Method • Bias • Sampling Bias • Our view of the world is conditioned very strongly by the observational methods we use • Ex: Counting whales vs. bacteria vs. viruses • Methods vary considerably, depending on the temporal and spatial scales of interest • Ex: How is global temperature measured? Sea level? • Assumptions • Important to recognize inherent assumptions • Ex:14C dating of wooden artifacts • Ex: Measurement of atmospheric CO2 concentrations • Paradigms • Generally accepted model, conceptual framework or set of belief(s) about a particular topic • Ex: Dinosaurs went extinct because of global climate change precipitated by an asteroid • Paradigms may not be permanent • Can be discarded/replaced by better explanation (paradigm shift) • Ex: Heliocentric solar system, continental drift • Paradigms may become so entrenched that people ignore contradictory evidence or modify evidence to match paradigm

  4. Hansen et al. 2010

  5. Hansen et al. 2010

  6. Hansen et al. 2010

  7. IPCC 2007

  8. Religion in Indigenous Oral Cultures We Sioux spend a lot of time thinking about everyday things which in our minds are mixed up with the spiritual. We see in the world around us many symbols that teach us the meaning of life. We Indians live in a world of symbols and images where the spiritual and commonplace are one. We try to understand them not with the head but with the heart. --John Fire Lame Deer

  9. General Themes Local, Land-Centered Outlook / Center of World Lack of Historical Perspective / Cyclic Time Immersion in Nature Reciprocal Interrelationships Animism (anima = “soul”) / Spiritism High God Dreamtime Altered States of Consciousness Harmony

  10. Typical Features Shaman Totem Taboo Fetish Omen Divination Rites of Passage and Cosmic Renewal Hunting Rituals

  11. Papua New Guinea

  12. Why does Jacka say this? It is critical to understand how notions of conservation and environmental protection are conceptualized and formulated by local communities for successful conservation to occur (26)

  13. What’s the Point? Berkes urges us to move beyond reductionist visions of ecology by embracing moral perspectives and spiritual aspects often embedded in traditional knowledge systems and local resource management practices (27)

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