Geographical profiling of serial offenders Prof Craig Jackson

1. Geographical profiling of serial offenders Prof Craig Jackson As serial murder offending spaces evolve, can geographical profiling help investigations? School of Social Sciences Faculty of Business, Law & Social Sciences

2. Criminal / Offender profiling does not work • Geo profiling has high potential to catch serial offenders • Consider relationship between work and offending • The role and context of driving, remoteness & isolation • How do offenders ‘move through their worlds’? • Don’t explore murderers’ minds – explore their environment Overview

3. Offender Profiling does not work

4. John Snow – The Broad Street Pump

5. The Croydon Cat Killer (live investigation)

6. Convicted UK Serial Murderers

7. The age of transit and movement Jacques Lantier and "Lison" in La Bete Humaine, Emile Zola (1890)

8. The age of transit and movement

9. The age of transit and movement

10. Enables trolling / stalking Fantasy space - anchor point Covert trial runs Extends Offending space Valid reason for solitude / alibi Gives authority / makes respectable Reduces likelihood of victim being related to offender Crosses police boundaries Structural approach: Vehicle use

11. FBI roadmap: Major crime investigations

12. Dennis Rader aka the BTK murders Service in USAF ADT home security installer (1980s) Graduate Kansas State University (Computer science and forensics) Scout Leader (1980s 1990s) Church Minister City compliance officer (1990s)

13. Latitude & Independence Manifestos Skills / Training e.g. knots, ligatures, chemicals, processes butchery, stalking, record-snooping Tools - imprints, technique, misuse, tapes, chemicals Workplace clues assist investigations

14. Jokes with colleagues / Boasts Stories / Narratives / Slips Sickness absence data Pre-employment interview / medical assessment Colleague hunches and suspicions Offending space within work duties Workplace clues assist investigations

15. Think about "work" Label Identity Judge others & selves Five days per week Fifty years of your life Voluntarily “trapped” Larry D Hall Civil War Re-enactment Cary Stayner Forestry worker Westonaria serial murderer "Taxi driver" Muldersdrift rapist Offering work Train worker

16. The imprint work makes on us Work leaves imprint on most people Physical, Psychological, Behavioural, Linguistic Imprints van be specific to specific: Occupation Processes Companies Chemicals Industrial "acute" injury - scars, removals, mutilations Chronic disease / effects - mesothelioma, COPD, hearing loss

17. Shift routines Occ diseases - lung, spine, extremities Modifications - vehicles, posture Near misses Warnings / disciplinary procedures Complaints / investigations Annual leave / compassionate leave Sickness absence Days, spells, duration, clusters, shot v long, weekends Existing routine data

18. Traveling serial murderer 1960s 1970s boom in car ownership Expanding road network Midlands home of car manufacture Cheapest ownership in UK Social protests at work and de-skilling of Midlands man Prostitutes chased from urban streets by angry residents Growth of car and the growth of serial murder

19. The Yorkshire Ripper 1975-1980 • 13 murders & 7 attempted murders • Dr Stuart Kind’s Assumptions about the “ripper” • Had a singe base • Had access to a vehicle • Knew areas well • Had legitimate reason to be "mobile" • Offending space Geo Profile Case #1

20. 1 5 4 2 3 A 4 3 1 5 10 8 7 9 20 22 21 19 15 16 14 13 12 11 18 17 6 2 B Geo Profile of Yorkshire Ripper Attacks C

21. Prof. Stuart Kind • UK govt scientist & academic • Home Office Central Research Establishment • Accidentally invented geo profiling • Realised maps of serial crimes could predict offender base(s) • Before term "offender profiling" even used • Led to "Lawrence Byford" report The Pioneer of Geographic Profiling

22. Principles of Geographic Profiling In a few hours, using techniques he learned as a Royal Air Force wartime navigator, Dr Kind mapped the dates and times of the killings, trying to determine the centre of gravity of the attacks. Kind realised the killer needed darkness and was trying to mislead the police as to his operational base

23. Principles of Geographic Profiling • Dr Kind knew the Ripper had to return to his home as soon as possible to avoid capture near the crime scene. • He deduced that the earlier in the evening an attack happened, the further away from "home" the killer was. • Attacks very late at night happened close to his base, so he could return home quickly at a decent hour.”

24. Geo Profile of Yorkshire Ripper Attacks 1 5 4 2 3 A 4 3 1 5 10 9 8 7 22 21 20 11 12 13 14 15 16 18 19 17 6 2 B C

25. Geo Profile of Yorkshire Ripper Attacks 1 5 4 2 3 A 4 3 1 5 H 10 8 9 7 21 20 22 13 19 18 16 15 12 11 14 17 6 2 B C

26. New ways of working New jobs / technology / services Remote / Isolated working 1000,000 in UK More people working more hours More flexibility required CCTV ANPR But . . . offending spaces are changing

27. The New Offending spaces Structural approach Not ignoring victimology Context and background of offender Leyton's homicidal protest 1000,000 remote / isolated workers in UK (Crawford & Jackson) HQ visit median 11 days

28. Midlands triangle Intersection cities Increase get away options / confusion Decrease linkage likelihood Midlands prostitute murders of 1980s 1990s Multiple Police force boundaries Transport links

29. Bulger murder & Soham murderers • Changed parenting style • Child-victim access harder than ever • Stranger-murder; victims changed to: • Sex workers • Elderly • Runaways • Gay men • Migrants • Workplace: one of the new hunting grounds • Legitimate access / authority / alibi Thinking Feeling Fantasising Doing New offending spaces = New victims Wilson & Jones 2007

30. HOLMES CATCHEM VICAP VICLAS DRAGNET Reductionist Data-Driven Hypothetico-Deductive (Geographic) Profiling Systems

31. Robert Black 1982-1986 4 murders 2 attempted abductions 2 suspected murders Younger abductees will travel further with abductor before struggling Midland Triangle of transport routes PDS employer of Black A moving target with no firm base Geo Profile Case #2

32. Geo Profile of Black Murders

33. Geo Profile of Black Murders

34. Geo Profile of Black Deposition sites

35. Delroy Grant aka The Night Stalker 1999-2009 (1987?) 2 rapes; 21 serious sexual assaults; 146 burglaries Gerontophile Waited in gardens for several hours before breaking into properties Always wore gloves Geo Profile Case #3

36. 1 5 4 2 3 A 11 16 12 B 15 3 13 1 6 17 Geo Profile of Delroy Grant 8 18 7 9 4 10 14 C 2 5

37. 1 5 4 2 3 A 11 16 12 B 15 3 13 1 6 17 Geo Profile of Delroy Grant 8 18 7 9 4 10 14 C 2 5

38. 1 5 4 2 3 A H 11 16 12 B 15 3 13 1 6 17 Geographic Profile of Delroy Grant’s attacks 8 18 7 9 4 10 14 C 2 5

39. Marauder Commuter Lives among victim pattern Travels to victim pattern Radiates outwards from base Base is away from victims Types of Offenders

40. Simon Wadland 1988-1992 Bizarre phone calls 270 women victims Monetray gain was not the motive Mons & Tues 9am -5pm Geo Profile Case #4

41. Working and Workplace rich source of data Coupled with Geo Profiles IF conditions optimal Evolution of serial murders creates conditions not suitable for geo profiling Placing serial murderers in broader categories neglected Impact of Occupational choice upon serial murderers Evolution of "offending space" models, incorporates more time alone in role of work Summary

42. Byford L, 1981, The Yorkshire Ripper Case, review of the police investigation. HMSO. Canter D, 2003, Mapping Murder: the secrets of geographical profiling. Virgin, London. Crawford J, MacCalman L, Jackson CA. 2011, In Depth Review: The Health and Wellbeing of Remote and Mobile Workers. Occup Medicine, 61: 385-394 Jackson CA, Wilson D, Kaur-Rana B. 2011, The usefulness of criminal profiling. Criminal Justice Matters, 84: 6-7. Kind S, 1987, 'Navigational ideas and the Yorkshire Ripper investigation', Journal of Navigation, 40, pp. 385-393. Kind S, 1987, The Scientific Investigation of Crime, Forensic Sciences Services Ltd. Lynes A, Wilson D, Jackson CA. Zola and the Serial Killer: Robert Black and La Bête Humaine. International Journal of Criminology and Sociology, 2012; 1(1): 69-80. Snook B, 2003, Serial Crime andDistance: an analysis of serial offender spatial analysis. Unpublished PhD thesis - University of Liverpool Wilson D, Jackson CA, Kaur-Rana B. 2010' Against the Medical-Psychological Tradition of Understanding Serial Killing by Studying the Killers. Amicus Journal, 22: 8-16. References

43. Individuals actively "search" for jobs to match interests Pairing of workers and the jobs they do When pairing succeeds, workers are satisfied When pairing fails, worker looks around for excitement Describes Personalities & Environments Personality type gives clue to their ideal work environment Holland's RIASEC model Holland 1997

44. Holland 1997 Relates to both PERSONALITY and ENVIRONMENT "Realistic" Doer "Investigative" Thinker "Artistic” Creator "Conventional" Organiser RIASEC Model "Social" Helper "Enterprising" Persuader

45. "Realistics" Practical individuals Conformist Ordered Prefer objects and tools Not keen on concepts or abstracts Heuristics-driven Mechanic, Labourer, Driver

46. Proactive use of work in active cases Offence Discovery Investigation Arrest Evidence Offence Discovery Investigation Evidence Arrest