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HUMAN IMPACT ON WATER CYCLE NGO People and Water, SK ENKI, CZ Třeboň , 16th June 200 9

HUMAN IMPACT ON WATER CYCLE NGO People and Water, SK ENKI, CZ Třeboň , 16th June 200 9. FRESHWATER STOCKS ON EARTH. NEOLITIC REVOLUTION. Ca 10.000 years ago. Pictures: M . Gojda , Krajinná archeologie, Západočeská univerzita.

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HUMAN IMPACT ON WATER CYCLE NGO People and Water, SK ENKI, CZ Třeboň , 16th June 200 9

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  1. HUMAN IMPACT ON WATER CYCLENGO People and Water, SK ENKI, CZTřeboň, 16th June 2009

  2. FRESHWATER STOCKS ON EARTH

  3. NEOLITIC REVOLUTION Ca 10.000 years ago Pictures: M. Gojda, Krajinná archeologie, Západočeská univerzita

  4. The Slavonic countries stretch from the Mediterranean Sea through to the Northern Seas... The Slavs build most of their own castles...on meadows rich in water and bushes... They till the soil very intensively... Famines caused by long-term drought don't exist in [their] lands... If it rains only a little, they do not have poor results, because these lands are damp... /Ibrahim Ibn Jacqub at-Turtushi, About the Western Slavs, middle of the 10th century/

  5. Deforestation J. A. Foley et al. - Green surprise? How terrestrial ecosystems could affect earth’s climate, Front Ecol Environ 2003;

  6. BIOTIC PUMP

  7. CURRENT RATE OF DEFORESTATION • 120 000 km2/year • i.e. 1.3 % annual decrease of remaining 30% wood on Earth /According to FAO/

  8. DEFORESTATION &AGRICULTURE Deforestation / some forms of farming cause: • increase of runoff (and erosion) • lower infiltration (groundwater recharge) • lower evaporation (change of regional climate) • decrease of organic matter content in soil (decrease of ability to hold water)

  9. DRAINING SWAMPS Whoever improves the soil, cultivates land lying waste and drains swamps, is making conquest from barbarism. /Frederick II, King of Prussia in 1740-86/

  10. ALTERATION OF RIVERS In civilised countries, the rule should be that rivers and streams are canals ... [The river should be] directed into single bed with gentle curves... where it is practicable, a straight line... /Johann Gottfried Tulla, The Principles of Future Work on the Rhine, 1809/

  11. ALTERATION OF RIVERS • natural meanders removed • adjacent swamps drained • shortening length increases slope • acceleration of runoff • deepening of the riverbed • lowering/draining groundwater table • lowering land's ability to retain water

  12. URBAN REVOLUTION – SEWERS, CANALIZATION

  13. PAVEMENT IMPACT • infiltration decreases (groundwater recharge decreases) • evaporationdecreases(air humidity decreases) • runoff increases(through sewage to rivers and sea) Free surface Paved surface

  14. IMPERVIOUS SURFACES AND RUNOFF

  15. RUNOFF FROM URBANAND FOREST ENVIRONMENTS

  16. RUNOFF FROM URBANAND FOREST ENVIRONMENTS Decrease of runoffis overlooked flood prevention measure

  17. SOIL SEALING IN CITIES • impervious surfaces cover 5% of the EU • about 20 billion m3 of rainwater sluiced from municipalities of Europeannually

  18. WATER BALANCE OF THE INVESTIGATED TERRITORY

  19. LAND USE TRANSITION J.A. Foley et al. - Global Consequences of Land Use, Science, 2005

  20. EXTENT OF HUMAN LAND USE J. A. Foley et al. - Green surprise? How terrestrial ecosystems could affect earth’s climate, Front Ecol Environ 2003;

  21. SOIL SEALING DESTROYSSMALL WATER CYCLE(S) ON LAND

  22. Atmosphere Land Oceans EARTH – WATER BUDGET Precipitation 99 000 km³/year Evaporation 62 000 km³/year Evaporation 361 000km³/year Precipitation 324 000 km³/year Runoff 37 000 km³/year There is more water in „small“ water cycles than in „large“ water cycle!!!

  23. (PARTIAL) CONCLUSION • Human activities have a significant impact on the water cycle

  24. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!

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