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Vertebrates

Vertebrates. Phylum Chordata. The phylum chordata is often associated with things that have a spine However, not all members of the chordates have a spine There are several members of the chordates that lack a spine and have the same characteristics of chordates. Phylum Chordata.

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Vertebrates

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  1. Vertebrates

  2. Phylum Chordata • The phylum chordata is often associated with things that have a spine • However, not all members of the chordates have a spine • There are several members of the chordates that lack a spine and have the same characteristics of chordates

  3. Phylum Chordata • In order for an organism to be in the phylum chordata, it must present one of the following traits during its lifetime • A dorsal hollow nerve chord • A notochord • Pharyngeal slits • A post anal tail

  4. Phylum Chordata • Tunicates are the closest ancestor to organisms with vertebrae • They are filter feeders that don’t show a post anal tail, a dorsal hollow nerve chord or a notochord in their adult stage

  5. Phylum Chordata • Lancelets feed on suspended food particles • They display all four characteristics of chordates even though they have no spine

  6. The Wonderful Spine • A spine is a wonderful thing! • It can also be called a vertebrae column • It is a series of bones, cartilage and nerves that serves as a protected pathway to send signals through the body

  7. The Wonderful Spine • The spine is composed of vertebrae • These are bones that are designed to protect nerves and allow advanced movement for the organism • Vertebrae are most often separated by discs • These are small sacks that are designed to flex, bend and protect the vertebrae from damage

  8. The Wonderful Spine • The spine is slightly different for each animal that is using it • Some animals have a spine that is more designed to walk upright • Some have a spine that is used for side to side motion • Some have a spine that is designed for movement on four legs

  9. Video • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=icFMTB0Pi0g

  10. Warning – Surgery Ahead • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WID1p_UJZIM • DON’T WATCH IF YOU DON’T WANT TO! • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RukqSLdbczE

  11. Other Advanced Features • Some members of the phylum chordata has several other advanced features in order to help organisms survive • Some members of the chordates have a designed head that is attached to the end of their nerve chord • These are called craniates

  12. Other Advanced Features • Jaws are a major feature that help organisms acquire food, hunt food and mechanically digest food • There are several different ways that jaws can take form

  13. Other Advanced Features • Advanced lungs are organs that allow for maximum gas exchange with the environment • These are organs that are designed to allow for maximum surface area and gas exchange with air

  14. Early Craniates • The most primitive chordates with a head are lampreys and hagfishes • These primitive creatures are the last remaining members of their family • These are organisms that lack a hinged jaw

  15. Early Craniates • Hagfish are a group of organisms with over 40 species • Although they are nearly blind they have a great sense of smell • Their defense mechanism is to secrete a thick sticky slime • They have a notochord but no true vertebrae

  16. Early Craniates • Lampreys are the oldest living vertebrates • They have several primitive vertebrae • Most are migrating parasites that that attach to the side of a fish and feed off blood and tissues

  17. Hagfish • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bb2EOP3ohnE • Sea Lamprey • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-SYhOD1Yx10

  18. Jawed Fish • Another major category of vertebrates is fish that have fins, gills and a true jaw • Sharks, fish, rays and lobe finned fish make up this grouping • These organisms are more adapted to be in an aquatic environment however some can exist for periods of time out of the water

  19. Jawed Fish • Chondrichthyans are made up of sharks and rays • These are fish make of cartilage • Most are adept predators however some can be filter feeders

  20. Video • Video

  21. Jawed Fish • Ray finned fish include trout, carp, tuna and salmon • These fish have bones and skin covered in protective scales • These fish have gills that are protected by structures called operculum • They float by using a swim bladder which is a gas filled sack

  22. Jawed Fish • These are fish that have a series of rod shaped bones in their muscular pectoral and pelvic fins • These organisms eventually gave rise to higher level organisms • Our first tetrapods came from the category

  23. Video • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tqWciuuKn3c

  24. Amphibians • Amphibians are the first tetrapods • Tetrapods are organisms that have two different pairs of legs • Amphibian means “living a double life” in Latin • This is because they undergo a metamorphosis

  25. Amphibians • Eggs are always laid in water to prevent drying • The larval stage is generally aquatic • However as they grow they turn into a full adult

  26. Amphibians • Some amphibians are terrestrial while some are aquatic • Some frogs, newts and salamanders are entirely aquatic • Toads and some frog, salamander and newt species are terrestrial

  27. Amphibians • Amphibian populations have been declining sharply in the past few years • The reason for this is likely due to pollution and change in their habitat • Climate change is also starting to divert rainfall which affects their ability to breed

  28. Video • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E8Nx4Npe0ow • http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/weirdest-newt

  29. Birds • Almost all birds can fly • These reptiles have features that are designed for flight • It is why they have a specialized category in the ranks of lizards • They are masters of the sky

  30. Birds • There is strong evidence that birds evolved from two legged dinosaurs called theropods • The oldest skeleton of a bird Is the Archaeopteryx • Archaios(Greek for anchient) and pteryx Greek for wing) • This bird is over 150 million years old

  31. Birds • Birds have specialized front limbs that are designed to create lift when moved • This means that the amount of air that flows over the wing is more than the air that flows under the wing • The idea is similar to a wing on a plane

  32. Birds • Flying requires enormous amounts of energy • Therefore birds need to be endothermic to make sure they can fly at all times • Endothermic organisms create heat from their own metabolism

  33. Birds • Flying also requires several other skills and adaptations • Keen eyesight • Fine motor control • Insulating feathers to minimize heat loss and maximize surface area

  34. Video • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MOiyD26cJ2A

  35. Mammals • Mammals have two main distinguishing traits • They produce milk • They have hair • However, within mammals are hundreds of different body plans and thousands of species

  36. Mammals • Mammals are endotherms that keep heat with a high metabolism and hair • This hair can be present at early ages, late ages or all ages of the mammals life

  37. Mammals • Some mammals even lay eggs • These mammals do not give live birth • Monotremesare egg laying mammals • These include echidnas and the duck billed platypus

  38. Video • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R7ptN_5BWCc

  39. Mammals • Other mammals use a placenta to feed their young when in the womb • The placenta is a tissue that supplies nutrients the developing organism • It is rich with nutrients, hormones and oxygen

  40. Mammals • Marsupials have a brief development period that is followed by a long period where the developing young is attached to the mother’s nipple • Kangaroos are an excellent example of a marsupial

  41. Video • http://vbox7.com/play:fcb33df1

  42. Mammals • Eutherians are mammals that bear fully developed young • They are commonly called placental mammals • Many common species are in this category

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