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Physics 114 – Lecture 28

Physics 114 – Lecture 28. §9.3 Applications to Muscles and Joints Study Examples 9.8 and 9.9. Physics 114 – Lecture 28. Physics 114 – Lecture 28. Physics 114 – Lecture 28. §9.4 Stability and Balance Three types of equilibrium: Stable equilibrium:

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Physics 114 – Lecture 28

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  1. Physics 114 – Lecture 28 §9.3 Applications to Muscles and Joints Study Examples 9.8 and 9.9 L28_s1,9

  2. Physics 114 – Lecture 28 L28_s2,9

  3. Physics 114 – Lecture 28 L28_s3,9

  4. Physics 114 – Lecture 28 • §9.4 Stability and Balance • Three types of equilibrium: • Stable equilibrium: • When disturbed the ball will return to its equilibrium position • Neutral equilibrium: • When disturbed the ball will remain in its new equilibrium position • Unstable equilibrium: • The ball will not return to its equilibrium position • Study Examples 9.8 and 9.9 L28_s4,9

  5. Physics 114 – Lecture 28 • §9.5 Elasticity: Stress and Strain • Stretching of a body, e.g., a spring, rod, etc.: • Force exerted on spring, Fon spring = k Δx • BUT force exerted by spring, • Fby spring = - k Δx • This is known as Hooke’s Law • k is a constant for a given object and is always chosen to be > 0 • Note that if F > 0, then Δx > 0 and that if F < 0, then Δx < 0, the former case being an extension, the latter a compression • Hooke’s Law holds provided that the body is not stretched beyond its elastic limit F Δx L28_s5,9

  6. Physics 114 – Lecture 28 • Young’s Modulus • Young’s Modulus, E, for a material is defined as: • E = Stress/Strain • where stress = F/A = force per unit area • and strain = Δx/x L28_s6,9

  7. Physics 114 – Lecture 28 • Chapter 10Fluids • §10.1 Phases of Matter • For a sample of each of the following: • Solids – Fixed volume, shape and mass, e.g., copper, wood, ice, … • Liquids - Fixed volume and mass, e.g., water, alcohol, … • Gas – Fixed mass, e.g., hydrogen, oxygen, … • Plasma L28-7,9

  8. Physics 114 – Lecture 28 • §10.2 Density and Specific Gravity • Density, • Units of density: kg/m3 • Specific gravity, L28-8,9

  9. Physics 114 – Lecture 28 • §10.3 Pressure in Fluids • Pressure, P, is defined as, • Units: N/m2 = Pa (Pascals) • For a depth, h, below a surface of liquid of density, ρ, the excess pressure, is • P = ρgh • Experimental observation → Pressure in a fluid acts equally in all directions L28-9,9

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