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The chemical reactions that make karst modelling possible are explained below .

Learn about the chemical reactions involved in karst modelling, including the acidification of rainwater, the dissolution of limestone, and the transformation of bicarbonate into limestone. Understand how these reactions make karst modelling possible.

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The chemical reactions that make karst modelling possible are explained below .

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  1. H2O + CO2 H2CO3 H2CO3 (HCO3)-+ H+ Thechemicalreactionsthatmake karst modellingpossible are explainedbelow. 1.Rainwateracidifies. CO2 fromtheatmospheredissolves in rainwater and reactswithit to formcarbonicacid. Thedissolvedcarbonicacidpartiallydissociates and formsthebicarbonate ion, whichisdissolved in the rain water. Undertheseconditions, thewaterisacidic and can reactwithlimestone.

  2. (HCO3)2Ca CaCO3+(HCO3)-+ H+ (HCO3)2Ca 2(HCO3)- + Ca2+ Thechemicalreactionsthatmake karst modellingpossible are explainedbelow. 2.Theacidifiedwaterreactswiththelimestone and dissolvesit. Thelimestone (calcium carbonate), whichis insoluble in water, isattackedbythebicarbonate ion dissolved in therainwater. Thistransformsthecalcium carbonate intocalciumbicarbonate, whichis soluble in water. Thisimmediately produces dissolvedcalciumbicarbonate in thewater, whichseepsthroughthefissures in thelimestone, whichisloadedwiththissubstance.

  3. Allthechemicalprocessesabove can be summarised in thefollowingequilibriumbetweentwo reverse chemicalreactions: • The reaction that makes limestone transform into bicarbonate and dissolve in water. • The reaction that makes bicarbonate transform back into limestone, which precipitates (separates as a solid) because it is not soluble. (HCO3)2Ca CaCO3+H2O + CO2 Limestone (calcium carbonate) Calciumbicarbonate Thechemicalreactionsthatmake karst modellingpossible are explainedbelow. 3.Simplifiedchemicalreaction.

  4. Whentheequilibriumisshifted to theright, thewaterdissolvesthelimestonemass, increasingthesize of thecracks and fissures. (HCO3)2Ca CaCO3+H2O + CO2 In summary:

  5. Whentheequilibriumisshifted to theleft, calcium carbonate (limestone) isproducedagain, whichprecipitates in theform of stalactites and stalagmites. (HCO3)2Ca CaCO3+H2O + CO2 In summary:

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