Stereotypes & Prejudice; Aggression: Lecture #8 topics

1. Stereotypes & Prejudice; Aggression:Lecture #8 topics • Stereotypes • formation, perpetuation, & Amadou Diallo • Prejudice • intergroup conflict; social identity theory • Aggression • gender, origins (nature vs. nurture), situational factors • Formal course evaluations

2. Stereotypes “41 SHOTS” 41 shots cut through the night You’re kneeling over his body in a vestibule Praying for his life. Is it a gun, is it a knife Is it a wallet, this is your life It ain’t no secret, no secret my friend You can get killed for living in your American skin. —Bruce Springsteen

3. Stereotypes Amadou Diallo

4. Stereotypes stereotypes: beliefs that associate an entire group of people with certain traits • athletes are stupid • librarians are quiet • Italians are emotional • White men can’t jump • Koreans own convenience stores/ drycleaners

5. Stereotypes STEREOTYPEFORMATION

6. Stereotypes social categorization: classifying individuals into groups based on _______ _______

7. Benefits lets us form inferences about people efficiently Drawbacks _______ of _______ differences; _______ of _______ differences failure to perceive _______ - _______ information belief that intergroup differences are more _______ than they really are Stereotypes

8. Stereotypes when we distinguish in-groups vs. out-groups: _______ of intergroup differences • may have had adaptive significance over evolution outgroup _______ effect • assumption that there is more _______ among out-group members than among in-group members • _______ leads to perception that out-group members all look the same (e.g., East Asians)

9. Stereotypes www.alllooksame.com: my score: 8/ 18 “needs a lot more work”

10. Stereotypes what accounts for out-group homogeneity? • ______________ with out-groups • in-group members are seen as _______; out-group members are seen more _______ • _______ samples of out-groups • obnoxious U of T students at football game do NOT represent ALL U of T students

11. Stereotypes fundamental attribution error: overestimation of personal & underestimation of situational factors when explaining other people’s behaviour • e.g., ______________ : we don’t take into account that underperformance is due to _______, not personal ability; thus, our stereotypes get confirmed

12. Stereotypes Billie Jean King & Bobby Riggs stereotype-disconfirming acts are explained by _______ situational factors & _______ personal factors • e.g., Billie Jean won because of luck, not skill

13. Stereotypes confirmation bias: tendency to interpret & seek information that confirms our expectations • we interpret _______ behaviours to be _______ with stereotypes • e.g., an ambiguously aggressive behaviour will be seen as more threatening when actor is Black rather than White

14. Stereotypes Stone (1997): HIGH Court smarts Ratings of player Athletic ability LOW Player is White Player is Black

15. Stereotypes self-fulfilling prophesies: when our expectations about someone cause him/ her to act in ways that confirm our expectations • e.g., Word (1974): White interviewers’ demeanour elicited _______ performance from Black applicants, which confirmed stereotypes

16. Stereotypes Payne (2001):

17. Stereotypes Correll (2002):

18. Stereotypes RESULTS:

19. Prejudice Sherif’s (1954) Robbers Cave study: • boys formed in-groups • groups went to war • groups made peace

20. Prejudice Tajfel’s (1971) minimal groups paradigm: • participants divided into “_______” & “_______” • created ______________: categorizing people into groups according to _______ similarities • participants awarded more points to people in their own groups than to people in the other group • in-group bias: favouring your _______ over _______

21. Prejudice social identity theory (Tajfel, 1982; Turner, 1987): • we’re motivated to enhance self-esteem, which consists of: • _______ self-esteem: based on personal identity • _______ self-esteem: based on social identity • we enhance self-esteem by: • _______ achievements, or • connecting ourselves with _______ groups

22. Prejudice basic predictions: • if our self-esteem is _______ , in-group favouritism will _______ • when we _______ our in-groups, our self-esteem will _______

23. Prejudice Fein & Spencer (1997): HIGH Positive feedback Ratings of applicants Negative feedback LOW Italian applicant Jewish applicant

24. Prejudice Fein & Spencer (1997): HIGH Positive feedback Increase in self-esteem Negative feedback LOW Italian applicant Jewish applicant

25. Aggression BEHAVIOUR AGGRESSIVE? accidentally hurting someone working hard to make a sale biting someone on the neck swinging a stick at someone but missing insulting someone deliberately failing to stop harm murdering for $$ hiring someone to break someone’s kneecaps hitting others while enraged

26. Aggression aggression: behaviours intended to harm another individual In the U.S. in 2002, there was, on average: One MURDER …every 32 minutes One RAPE …every 6 minutes One AGGRAVATED ASSAULT …every 35 seconds One VIOLENT CRIME …every 22 seconds

27. Aggression ORIGINS OF AGGRESSION instinct theories: • Freud: aggression = _______ of life over death instinct • Lorenz: aggression enhances _______ survival evolutionary perspectives: • aggression enhances _______ survival • adaptive to not aggress against ______________ • adaptive for males to aggress to ensure _______ • adaptive for females to aggress to ______________

28. Aggression biological perspectives: • role of testosterone: • _______ transsexuals experience _______ aggression • _______ transsexuals experience _______ aggression • role of serotonin (5-HT): • helps decrease _______ • low 5-HT related to higher aggression; drugs (SSRIs) that _______ 5-HT activity related to _______ aggression

29. Aggression learning perspectives: • aggression is _______ reinforcing • a child who hits to get a toy will be more likely to hit again • aggression is _______ reinforcing • a child who shoves to stop teasing will be more likely to shove again

30. Aggression using punishment to stop aggression can backfire: • spanking gives kids a role model to imitate – can encourage aggression • corporal punishment is related to childhood & adult aggression & to adult criminal behaviour

31. Aggression social learning theory (Bandura, 1977): • we learn from _______’ examples & from _______ experience with rewards & punishment • _______ influence whether we help or harm • the Bobo doll study (1961) • watching an _______ model led kids to _______ • they _______ their aggression to the model (they punched when she punched & kicked when she kicked)

32. Aggression SITUATIONAL INFLUENCES frustration-aggression hypothesis (Dollard, 1939): • _______ progress toward a goal causes _______, eliciting motivation to aggress • all aggression is caused by _______

33. Aggression • we _______ our aggression when we can’t aggress against source of frustration • we deflect it from real target onto a substitute • aggression is _______ • motivation to aggress drops when we imagine, observe, or act out aggression • this reduces physiological arousal, which decreases anger & likelihood of aggressing

34. Aggression evidence does not support aggression as cathartic: • imagining/ seeing aggressive models _______ arousal • if aggression feels _______ because it decreases arousal, chances of future aggression increase • anger may _______ if we blow off steam

35. Aggression SITUATIONAL INFLUENCES heat: higher incidence of violent crimes • during summer • during hotter years • in hotter cities

36. Aggression ML pitchers more likely to hit batters when it’s hot: HIGH HBPs per game LOW <21°C 21-26°C 27-32°C 33+°C