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Inventory Valuation Methods and Cost of Goods Sold Calculation

This chapter discusses the inventory valuation methods used by wholesalers and retailers, including specific identification, weighted average, FIFO, and LIFO. It also explains how to calculate the cost of goods sold using these methods.

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Inventory Valuation Methods and Cost of Goods Sold Calculation

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  1. Chapter 6 Inventories and Cost of Goods Sold Financial Accounting 4e by Porter and Norton

  2. Inventory of Wholesalers and Retailers • Purchased in finished form • Resold without transformation • Classified as “Merchandise Inventory” on balance sheet

  3. CIRCUIT CITYConsolidated Balance Sheets [Partial] February 28, 20022001 CURRENT ASSETS: Cash and cash equivalents $1,251,532 $ 446,131 Net accounts and notes receivable 726,541 585,761 Merchandise inventory 1,633,327 1,757,664 Prepaid expenses and other current assets 41,311 57,623 TOTAL CURRENT ASSETS 3,652,711 2,847,179 Property, plant and equipment, net 853,778 988,947 Other assets 32,897 35,207 TOTAL ASSETS $4,539,386 $3,871,333 ASSETS (in thousands) More than 1/3 of total assets

  4. Inventory of Manufacturers Costs Included in Inventory Direct Materials Direct Labor Manufacturing Overhead

  5. Inventory of Manufacturers Balance Sheet Classifications Costs Included in Inventory Direct Materials Raw Materials Manufacture Products Direct Labor Work in Process Manufacturing Overhead Finished Goods

  6. NIKE, INC.Consolidated Balance Sheets [Partial] May 31, 20012000 ASSETS (in millions) Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents $ 304.0 $ 254.3 Accounts receivable less allowance for doubtful accounts of $72.1 and $65.4 1,621.4 1,569.4 Inventories: Finished goods 1,399.4 1,416.6 Work in progress 15.1 17.3 Raw materials 9.6 12.1 1,424.1 1,446.0 Deferred income taxes 113.3 111.5 Prepaid expenses 162.5 215.2 Total current assets 3,625.3 3,596.4 Property, plant and equipment, net 1,618.8 1,583.4 Identifiable intangible assets and goodwill 397.3 410.9 Deferred income taxes and other assets 178.2 266.2 TOTAL ASSETS $ 5,819.6 $ 5,856.9

  7. Inventory Valuation and Income Measurement Value Assigned to Inventory on Balance Sheet Value Expensed as Cost of Goods Sold on Income Statement When Sold =

  8. Beginning inventory $ 500 + Purchases 1,200 = Cost of goods available for sale 1,700 Calculating Cost of Goods Sold • Internal calculation -Ending inventory (600) = Cost of goods sold $ 1,100

  9. Inventory costs include • Any freight costs incurred by buyer • Cost of insurance for inventory in transit • Cost of storing inventory before selling • Excise and sales taxes

  10. Inventory Costing Methods Four costing methods available: Specific Identification Weighted Average First-in, First-out (FIFO) Last-in, First-out (LIFO)

  11. Detailed Costing Method Example Calculate the cost of goods sold and ending inventory under each method using the data below: Beginning inventory, Jan. 1: 500 units (unit cost $10) Inventory purchases: DateUnitsUnit Cost 1/20 300 $ 11 4/8 400 12 9/5 200 13 12/12 100 14 Total purchases 1,000 Ending inventory, Dec. 31: 600 units 11

  12. Specific Identification Method Step 1: Identify the specific units in inventory at the end of the year and their costs.

  13. Specific Identification Method Units in ending inventory: Date purchasedUnitsCostTotal cost 1/20 100 $11 $1,100 4/8 300 12 3,600 9/5 200 13 2,600 Ending inventory 600 $7,300 Units x Cost = Total cost

  14. Specific Identification Method Step 2: Identify the units sold and calculate the cost of goods sold.

  15. Specific Identification Method Date purchasedUnitsCostTotal cost Beg. Inventory 500 $10 $5,000 1/20 200 11 2,200 4/8 100 12 1,200 12/12 100 14 1,400 Cost of goods sold 900 $9,800 Units x Cost = Total cost

  16. Weighted Average Method Step 1: Calculate the cost of goods available for sale.

  17. Weighted Average Method Date purchasedUnitsCostTotal cost Beg. inventory 500 $10 $ 5,000 1/20 300 11 3,300 4/8 400 12 4,800 9/5 200 13 2,600 12/12 100 14 1,400 Cost of goods available for sale 1,500 $17,100

  18. : Weighted Average Method Step 2: Divide the cost of goods available for sale by the total units to determine the weighted average cost per unit.

  19. Weighted Average Method Cost of Goods Available Units Available $17,100 1,500 = $ 11.40/unit

  20. Avg. Cost # Units X Weighted Average Method Step 3: Calculate ending inventory and COGS by multiplying the weighted average cost per unit by the # of units in ending inventory and the # of units sold.

  21. Weighted Average Method ALLOCATE TO Ending Cost of InventoryGoods Sold Units on hand 600 Units sold 900 Weighted average cost X $11.40$ 11.40 Total cost of goods available of $17,100 allocated: $6,840 $10,260

  22. 1st in First-in, First-out (FIFO) Method Step 1: Assign the cost of the beginning inventory to cost of goods sold.

  23. First-in, First-out (FIFO) Method ALLOCATE TO Ending Cost of UnitsCostInventoryGoods Sold 1/1 500 $10 $5,000 1/20 300 $11 4/8 400 $12 9/5 200 $13 12/12 100 $14

  24. First-in, First-out (FIFO) Method Step 2: Continue to work forward until you assign the total # of units sold during the period to cost of goods sold. Allocate the remaining units to ending inventory. etc. 3rd 2nd

  25. First-in, First-out (FIFO) Method ALLOCATE TO Ending Cost of UnitsCostInventoryGoods Sold 1/1 500 $10 $5,000 1/20 300 $11 3,300 4/8 300 / 100 $12 $3,600 1,200 9/5 200 $13 2,600 12/12 100 $14 1,400 TOTALS $7,600 $9,500

  26. 1st in Last-in, First-out (LIFO) Method Step 1: Assign the cost of the last units purchased to cost of goods sold.

  27. Last-in, First-out (LIFO) Method ALLOCATE TO Ending Cost of UnitsCostInventoryGoods Sold 1/1 500 $10 1/20 300 $11 4/8 400 $12 9/5 200 $13 12/12 100 $14 $1,400

  28. 1st in Last-in, First-out (LIFO) Method Step 2: Work backward until you assign the total # of units sold during the period to cost of goods sold (allocate the remaining units to ending inventory).

  29. Last-in, First-out (LIFO) Method ALLOCATE TO Ending Cost of UnitsCostInventoryGoods Sold 1/1 500 $10 $5,000 1/20 100 / 200 $11 1,100 $2,200 4/8 400 $12 4,800 9/5 200 $13 2,600 12/12 100 $14 1,400 TOTALS $6,100 $11,000

  30. Comparison of Costing Methods Cost of Goods Sold Goods Available for Sale Ending Inventory Specific Identification $7,300 9,800 $17,100 Weighted Average 10,260 6,840 17,100 FIFO 7,600 9,500 17,000 6,100 11,000 LIFO 17,100

  31. Comparison of Costing Methods X X X X X Weighted Avg.FIFOLIFO In periods of rising prices: highest COGS? lowest COGS? highest gross margin? lowestnet income? lowest income taxes?

  32. LIFO Issues • LIFO Liquidation • liquidation can result in high gross margin (and large tax bill) • LIFO Conformity Rule • if used for tax, LIFO must also be used for books • LIFO Reserve • difference between inventory value stated at FIFO and value stated at LIFO

  33. Reasons for Inventory Errors • Mathematical mistakes • Physical inventory counting errors • Cut-off problems - in-transit • Goods on consignment

  34. Effect of Inventory Errors on the Income Statement ReportedCorrectedEffect Sales $1,000,000$1,000,000 Beginning inventory $ 200,000 200,000 Add: Purchases 700,000 700,000 Goods available for sale $ 900,000 $ 900,000 Less: Ending inventory 300,000 250,000 $50 OS Cost of goods sold $ 600,000$ 650,000 50 US Gross margin $ 400,000 $ 350,000 50 OS Operating expenses 150,000 150,000 Net income 250,000 200,000 50 OS OS = overstatement US = understatement

  35. Effect of Inventory Errors on the Income Statement ReportedCorrectedEffect Sales $1,500,000$1,500,000 Beginning inventory $ 300,000 250,000 $50 OS Add: Purchases 1,100,000 1,100,000 Goods available for sale $1,400,000 $1,350,000 50 OS Less: Ending inventory 350,000 350,000 Cost of goods sold $1,050,000$1,000,000 50 OS Gross margin $ 450,000 $ 500,000 50 US Operating expenses 120,000 120,000 Net income 330,000 380,000 50 US OS = overstatement US = understatement

  36. Counterbalancing Errors Assume ending inventory is overstated (+) by $50,000 in 2004: 2004 Beginning inventory $xxx,xxx Add: Purchases xxx,xxx = Goods available for sale xxx,xxx Less: Ending inventory + 50,000 = Cost of goods sold- 50,000

  37. Counterbalancing Errors 2004 ending inventory becomes 2005 beginning inventory: 2004 2005 Beginning inventory $ xxx,xxx + 50,000 Add: Purchases xxx,xxx = Goods available for sale xxx,xxx Less: Ending inventory +50,000 = Cost of goods sold- 50,000

  38. Counterbalancing Errors The 2004 error reverses in 2005 (but 2004 inventory and both 2004 and 2005 profits are misstated by $50,000): 2004 2005 Beginning inventory $xxx,xxx $+50,000 Add: Purchases xxx,xxx xxx,xxx = Goods available for sale xxx,xxx + 50,000 Less: Ending inventory + 50,000 xxx,xxx = Cost of goods sold - 50,000 + 50,000

  39. Lower of Cost or Market Before After Price Price ChangeChange Cost 150 120 Report loss in year market falls below cost… 39

  40. Lower of Cost or Market Before After Price Price ChangeChange Selling price $200 $160 Cost 150 120 Gross margin $ 50 $ 40 …to maintain normal G.M.% when sold Gross margin % 25% 25% 40

  41. Lower of Cost or Market • Market = replacement cost (not retail value) • Cost determined under one of four methods • Justified on basis of conservatism • Can be applied to: • entire inventory • individual items • groups of items

  42. Estimating Inventory Values • Sometimes impossible or impractical to measure inventory at cost • Estimation is necessary • Two methods used to estimate ending inventory values: • gross profit method • retail inventory method

  43. Gross Profit Method 1 Beginning inventory 2 + Purchases 3 = Cost of goods available for sale 4 - Ending inventory 5 = Cost of goods sold Use income statement model but reverse steps 4 and 5

  44. Gross Profit Method Beginning inventory $ 100,000 + Purchases 30,000 = Cost of goods available for sale 130,000 - Cost of goods sold(estimated) * 90,000 = Ending inventory (estimated)$ 40,000 * Cost of goods sold is estimated as a percentage of sales

  45. The number of times per period inventory is turned over (i.e., sold) Inventory Turnover Ratio Cost of Goods Sold Average Inventory

  46. Inventory Turnover Ratios Example: Circuit City 5.9 times per year Safeway 9.3 times per year Can you compare the two ratios?

  47. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Days’ Sales in Inventory # of Days in Period Inventory Turnover Ratio The average # of days inventory is on hand before its sold.

  48. Days’ Sales in Inventory Circuit City 365 = 61 days 5.9 Safeway 365 = 39 days 9.3 Do these averages seem reasonable?

  49. Direct Method Statement of Cash Flows Cash Flows from Operating Activities: Net income $ xxx Increase in inventory – Decrease in inventory + Increase in accts. payable + Decrease in accts. payable – - OR - Cash paid for inventory purchases – Indirect Method

  50. Appendix Accounting Tools: Inventory Costing Methods with the Use of a Perpetual Inventory System

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