Introduction to Library & Information Sciences

1. Introduction to Library & Information Sciences Course Code: 5501 Computer Hardware, Software, LAN&WAN

2. Historical Background: LANs • In 1970s a new trend began in computing i.e., shifting from large centralized mainframes occupying a room, towards physically smaller, yet higher performance minicomputers. The first microprocessor system was introduced around 1971. • Microprocessor: An integrated circuit that contains all the functions of a central processing unit of a computer.

3. Local Area Network (LAN) • LAN opened up the possibility of attaining advantages of workstations, without losing the centralized mainframe systems. Information could flow between individual workstations at speeds which, to a large extent, hid the fact that users were not working on a single system. Chain Point to Point Star

4. Component of LAN • Communication Medium Copper wire, optical fiber, radio link etc. • Bandwidth capacity of a medium to carry data (measured in mega bits per second) • Multi-addressing or Broadcasting addresses could be of other users such as printer, scanner etc

5. Component of LAN • Distributed Control control not limited to one use/computer but distributed among members of the network as democracy • Facilities user can enter a job from any computer connected to LAN i.e., exchange files • Range communication medium limits it to premises within a building or within an area

6. Transmission Media & Techniques • Terminal to Host Traffic • Applications for graphic images is Megabits per second The medium chosen will have to accommodate current as well as future requirements over the system’s expected life time of 15 years or more.

7. Transmission Media & Techniques • Baseband Transmission • Modulated Transmission • Broadband Transmission

8. Wide Area Network (WANs) • WANs maybe an extension of a LAN, but involve distances in the range of thousands of miles, requiring media different from LANs and also different hardward/software.

9. Historical Background: WANs • In 1960s ARPA (now Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency of US Department of Defense – DARPA), began research on subject of computer networks by providing grants to computer science department at many US Universities and few private corporations. This research led to an experimental four node network that went on air in Dec 1969 known as ARPANET.

10. WAN Concepts • Basics • Circuit Switching (Mode of transmitting information between two points) • Dial up Line (circuit switched line operable by dialing a number) • Leased Line (Radio channel or a satellite link etc)

11. WAN Concepts • Basics • Packet Switching: http://www.google.com.pk/imgres?q=packet+switching&um=1&hl=en&biw=1280&bih=816&tbm=isch&tbnid=kCRNwPO2HxcwRM:&imgrefurl=http://www.boerner.net/jboerner/%3Fp%3D7540&docid=uxZ2NrsPsNfH-M&imgurl=http://www.boerner.net/jboerner/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/packet.switching.gif&w=545&h=239&ei=j9YeUqT9JKmU0AW-j4GAAw&zoom=1&ved=1t:3588,r:2,s:0,i:90&iact=rc&page=1&tbnh=148&tbnw=339&start=0&ndsp=13&tx=141&ty=77

12. WAN Concepts • Basics • X.25: It is CCITT (ComiteConsultatif International Telegraphique et Telephonique) standard describing how communication devices package data into packets and how these packets are routed. • Another X.75 defines how two packet switched networks communicate. • PDNs (Public Data Networks): Different communications protocols to talk to each other and transfer bulk data. • SVC (Switched Virtual Circuit) (Temporary logical path) • PVC (Permanent Virtual Circuit) (Permanent)

13. Modem • An electronic device that convert computer’s digital signals into electrical audio signals, such that they can be transmitted over telephone lines. • Telephone lines were designed and installed for analog speech communication, however, computer speak digital, therefore, a modem is required.

14. Terminology • Host (Computer providing network services) • Node (Unique identification) • Account (name, password) • E. mail (Electronic Mail) • Mailbox (Special Account) • FTP (File Transfer Protocol – Exchange Files b/w 2 computers) • TELNET (a user on one computer to log on to another computer that is part of the same network) • Remote Login (Login a remote computer) • News Group (Electronic forum of discussion) • Mailing List (facility to receive messages by email)

15. Logical Structure of a PC

16. Input Unit Mouse Keyboard Light Pen Graphic Tablet

17. Input Unit Graphic Scanners Joystick Microphone

18. Mass Storage Devices • Disk Drives • Floppy Diskette Drive • Hard Disk • Floptical Disk Drive

19. Mass Storage Devices • Cassette Tape & Tape Backup Unit • CD-ROM

20. Central Processing Unit (CPU)

21. Memory or Primary Storage Unit • Read only Memory (ROM) (Permanent Storage) • ROM • PROM (Programmable ROM) • EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM)) • EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM) • Random Access Memory (RAM) (Temporary Storage) • SRAM (Static RAM) • DRAM (Dynamic RAM) • SIMM (Single In-Line Memory Module) • SIP (Single In-Line Package)

22. Memory or Primary Storage Unit • Random Access Memory (RAM) (Temporary Storage) • System RAM • Shadow RAM • Cache RAM • Video RAM (VRAM)

23. Output Unit

24. Computer Program (Software) • DISK Operating System (DOS) • Utilities (assists in operation of computer but does not perform main work i.e., detect or clean virus) • Applications Software (applications software or applications program is the one that performs useful work, not related to computer itself i.e., MS Office, Corel Draw etc.)

25. Information Storage

26. Information Storage & Retrieval • Functions in Storage and Retrieval • Data Acquisition (Must be selective) • Vocabulary of Terms (must words from respective document ) • Description • Record Format • File • Indexes • Linkage among records • Requests • Record Search • Retrieval and Representation

27. Type of System • Database System • A database is an organized collection of data • Reference Retrieval System • Reference-retrieval systems store references to documents rather than the documents themselves • Document • Combine a reference database system with the ability to retrieve desired document pages, text or image and print or display them • Text • Full Text Retrieval • Image • Store and retrieve image

28. Storing the Data • Topic treats the physical organization of data in terms of speed of access, storage requirements, and flexibility of access. • Three major types of file organization • Sequential • can produce easily, but they have a slower access time • Random access • fast access time, but cannot easily produce sequential lists • Indexed sequential • too long to find the item

29. Storing the Data • Three major types of file organization • Sequential • Data is searched by key • Random access • Key is used to compute the address of a storage location. • Indexed sequential • Index is made up of the key and address at which the data bearing that key is stored

30. Qualities in Selection File Structure • Activity • How many of the records in a file are accessed whenever the file is processed • Volatility • Number of records deleted and added to a file. The records added called insertions, and deleted called deletions • Frequency of Access • How often we query (access) the file • Volume or Size • Number of records or number of characters • Response Time Required