The First Americans: Hunter-Gatherers and Ancient Civilizations

1. 2 Who were the first Americans? Describe the hunter-gatherers way of life. 1 Where did the first people arrive in the Americas come from? How did they get to the Americas? 4 Which culture was known for its multistory rock and adobe dwellings? 3 How did the Aztec’s view warfare?

2. 1 From Asia over a land bridge called Beringia probably following animal herds. 2 Palo-Indians. To survive they would stalk and hunt their food. They would use the bones and fur to use for tools and clothing. 3 They viewed warfare as a sacred duty, Were willing to fight to the death. 4 The Anasazi Culture.

3. 6 • Why were the English and French slow to colonize the Americas? 5 • The city of Machu Picchu was constructed by which ancient culture? 8 • When was Spain’s empire finally challenged? What empire defeated the Spanish? • 7 • Name three types of • Spanish Settlements

4. 5 Inca Empire • 6 Greater concern with reaching Asia; the Protestant Reformation. • 7 Haciendas, ranchos, and Missions were types of Spanish settlements. • 8 It was not challenged until the late 1500s. The English defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588

5. 10 • Where was the “Lost Colony located? 9 • Describe what the term inflation means. 12 • What was the Protestant Reformation? What type of struggle was it? 11 • . What successes and failures did the settlers at Jamestown experience? What was the major source of conflict with the American Indians?

6. 9 Inflation refers to increasing prices of goods. • 10 Roanoke Island, whichis situated off the coast ofNorth Carolina. • 12 The Protestant Reformation as a major 16th century European movement aimed initially at reforming the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. Its struggles were political, religious, and territorial • 11 Successes- cultivating corn, uneasy alliances with Indians, growing tobacco. • Failures – Disease and starvation killed may, wars with Indians killed many more. • The major source of conflict with Indians was over the growing of tobacco.

7. 14 • Where were the golden palaces and temples described by Marco Polo located? 13 • Who was Christopher Columbus? Where did he grow up? Where did he travel? 16 • Who was Nathaniel Bacon? Why did the Bacon Rebellion occur? 15 • What document established a self-governing colony based on majority rule of male church members?

8. 13 He was an Italian explorer, navigator, and colonizer. He grew up in Genoa, Italy. He traveled to the Americas. 13 • 14 The golden palaces and temples described by Marco Polo were in China. (Asia) 16 • 16 He was a planter who organized an army of western Virginia settlers and attacked American Indians on the frontier. Bacon’s Rebellion occurred because the settlers wanted more American Indian land for farming. • 15 Mayflower Compact 15

9. 17 • What was the “Middle Passage?” 18 • Who were the Abolitionists? 17 • What was the “Middle Passage?” 20 • Describe the daily lives of New England women. What was the size of an average family? 19 • Describe King Henry VIII. • How was he involved in the Anglican Church? 20 • Describe the daily lives of New England women. What was the size of an average family? 19 • Describe King Henry VIII. • How was he involved in the Anglican Church?

10. 17 • What was the “Middle Passage?” • 18 Abolitionists did not become a strong force until the early 1800s. They fought for the abolishment of Slavery in America. • 17 It was the name of the difficult ocean journey that was endured by slaves when immigrating from Africa to America. 20 • Describe the daily lives of New England women. What was the size of an average family? 19 • Describe King Henry VIII. • How was he involved in the Anglican Church? • 20 New England women generally were expected to obey their husbands. They managed the households which were large. In this area Disease posed no great problem because of the cold climate. Food was plentiful and there was little need for extra laborers. 19 The King formed the Anglican Church, in doing so he angered many English Christians. He was always Roman Catholic at Heart.

11. 21 • Who believed rebelling against the king was like rebelling against God? 22 • Why did General Burgoyne’s plan at the Battle of Saratoga fail? 24 • During which battle did Washington cross the Delaware River? 23 • Who is the author of Common Sense?

12. 22 Geography. his troops were slowed down by swamps and hills. • 21 Loyalists • 23 Thomas Paine • 24 Battle at Trenton

13. 26 • Abigail Adams is known for her supporting what issues? 25 • Which men are credited to shouting out, “the British are coming”? 28 • What battle effectively ended the Revolutionary War? 27 • Who was chosen to command the Continental Army?

14. 26 She mainly supported Women’s rights, the idea of Independence and the abolition of slavery. 25 These three men warned the rebels that the British were coming. Paul Revere, Samuel Prescott. • 27 George Washington • 28 Battle of Yorktown; October 19, 1781.

15. 30 • What were the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation? 29 • Who wrote the Declaration of Independence? 32 • What helped caused the economic depression in 1784? 31 • Which of the following powers is NOT given to the national government by the Constitution? • a. declare war • b. coin money • c. conduct elections • d.setstandard weights and measures

16. 30 Some weaknesses were there were no provisions for regulating international trade. There needed to be consent of all 13 states to make any changes and there was no direct taxation. • 29 Thomas Jefferson • 31 • C. Conduct elections • 32 The Depression of 1784 helped convince the nation that the central government created by the Articles of Confederation was too weak and that a new, stronger federal government with the power to issue currency, create tariffs, and regulate commerce was essential to national prosperity. They suffered because they were on their own and lost the British Markets for trade.

17. 34 • How long is the term for a Federal Judge? • 33 • Describe the Virginia Plan. 36 • What powers does the Judicial Branch have? 35 • How many times has the Constitution been amended?

18. 34 may hold their offices for life if they are in good behavior. • 33 was a proposal by Virginia delegates for a bicameral legislative branch.  It shifted power from the states toward the central government • 36 judge laws unconstitutional. 35 The constitution has been amended 27 times.

19. 38 • The amendment that guarantees the right to a speedy trial in criminal cases is? 37 • Searches and seizures without a warrant are illegal as a result of which amendment? 40 • Describe George Washington’s attitude about being president. 39 • What is the “Bill of Rights” and what does it protect?

20. 38 Sixth Amendment (speedy 6) 37Fourth Amendment • 39 Bill of Rights is the collective name for the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. They protect individual liberties. • 40 He doubted his abilities at first. He wanted to be a man of the people.

21. 41 • What were the first 3 cabinet departments? 41 • What were the first 3 cabinet departments? 42 • What was the main reason the Louisiana Territory was sold to the United States? 41 • What were the first 3 cabinet departments? 44 • According to Alexander Hamilton, what was the first thing the nation needed to do in order to strengthen itself financially? 44 • According to Alexander Hamilton, what was the first thing the nation needed to do in order to strengthen itself financially? 43 • Why was the United States ill-prepared for war in 1812? 43 • Why was the United States ill-prepared for war in 1812? 44 • According to Alexander Hamilton, what was the first thing the nation needed to do in order to strengthen itself financially? 43 • Why was the United States ill-prepared for war in 1812?

22. 42 The Seller – Napoleon did not have a base in the West Indieslike he originally planned. He knew he could not colonize in the Americas so he sold the territory to make profit. 41 State, War, and Treasury Departments • 43 They had a poorly equipped army at the time. They needed time to train soldiers and gather supplies. The country was also in debt from previous wars. • 44 pay off all its debts

23. 46 • What Act prohibited U.S. trade with Great Britain and France? 45 • What was the Whiskey Rebellion? 48 • What did the Monroe Doctrine declare? 47 • Who was the person who supposedly said “Let them eat cake” to a desperate French mob?

24. 46 Non-Intercourse Act: • This Act lifted all embargoes on American shipping except for those bound for British or French ports. The intent was to damage the economies of the United Kingdom and France. • 45 A protest against federal taxes on whiskey. “whiskey tax" was the first tax imposed on a domestic product by the newly formed federal government. It became law in 1791, and was intended to generate revenue to help reduce the national debt. • 47 Marie Antoinette • 48 It defended the freedoms of other nations in Latin America. It stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention.

25. 49 • How can nationalism be defined? 50 • What president died of pneumonia just four weeks after taking office? 49 • . How can nationalism be defined? 49 • . How can nationalism be defined? 52 • Why was the South slow to industrial compared to the North? 51 • What new social class developed in northern society in the early 1800s?

26. 50 William Henry Harrison • 49 national pride and loyalty 51 Middle Class 52 The plantation owners invested in slaves, not machines. There were no markets for manufactured goods in the South. There were few factory workers available to do the work.

27. 54 • How would you describe the southern economy? 53 • What effects did the Market Revolution have on society? 56 • Which movement was sparked by the Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments? 55 • Who were the Lowell Girls? Explain their lifestyle.

28. 54 There was a strong reliance on agricultural products. Planters discourages manufacturing and factory workers were in short supply. • 54 It decreased the cost of manufactured products because they could make goods themselves in America. They need not have to buy and import everything from foreign nations. 56 They were female factory workers in the North. They usually were single women who lived in company owned boarding houses. They were cheaper to hire than male workers. 56 The Women’s Rights Movement

29. 58 • What was the temperance movement? 57 • According to prison reformers, lawbreakers should be helped or should be punished always? 60 • What did Horace Mann accomplish for education reform? 59 • Why did Abolitionists believe slavery should be outlawed?

30. 58 It was a movement in the 1800s that led to laws outlawing the consumption of alcohol • 57 They believed lawbreakers could be rehabilitated. 59 They believed slavery was morally wrong and should be outlawed. 60 He fought for better public education. He updated the curriculum for students trained better teachers, made attendance mandatory, lengthened the school year and raised the teachers’ salaries.

31. 61 • Which two female abolitionists gained valuable experience at the World’s Anti-Slavery Convention in London in 1840? 62 • Why did many Americans oppose to admitting Texas to the Union in 1836? 61 • Which two female abolitionists gained valuable experience at the World’s Anti-Slavery Convention in London in 1840? 64 • What court case in the Supreme Court ruled that no African American, whether slave or free, could ever enjoy the rights of a U.S. citizen? 63 • What was the Oregon Trail? What was the Donner Party?

32. 62 Texas allowed slavery so many Americans did not want to admit it into the Union yet. • Elizabeth Cady Stanton • and Lucretia Mott • 63 It was a trail that connected the Midwest with the Oregon Country. The Donner Party proved that traveling the Oregon Trail was hazardous. The Donner Party was a group of American pioneer migrants who set out for California in a wagon train. Delayed by a series of mishaps, they spent the winter of 1846–47 snowbound • 64 Dred Scott case

33. 66 • Why did Union troops lose in the Battle of Fredericksburg? 65 • Define Secession. 68 • What was the Anaconda plan? 67 • Which battle is considered the “Bloodiest Day in American History”?

34. 66 The Union were forced to cross an open field, leaving them open to be attacked. The Confederates had higher ground and used snipers to kill off soldiers below. • 65 Withdrawal from the Union • 67 Battle of Antietam • 66 Union’s strategy during the civil war for blocking all ports in the South. They hoped to cut off all of the South’s resources which would force them to surrender the war.