Community and/or Neighbourhood Policing

4. Community and/or Neighbourhood Policing • Area-based policing • Multi-agency partnership • Community-based crime prevention • Police-public contact strategies • Area-based foot patrols • Community involvement and consultations These are the 6 community policing models which have been described by, inter alia, Trevor Bennet in 1994. To these I wish to add some specific working methods, which are, at any rate, important for consideration in the Nordic countries: • Problem-oriented policing • Cross-sectoral and interdisciplinary preventive work and inter-agency cooperation • Community involvement

5. The Crime Prevention CouncilsMain objectioves for the SSP-cooperation The SSP-cooperation must be a noticeable, integral part of the local/municipal prevention-task. SSP-cooperation should as a main goal • Prevent criminality among children and youngsters • Inside the frames of local management • Which combine municipal, national and private efforts • And ad a main point include an overall understanding of the life-situation of children and youngsters • And create a constant press against factors, which could release criminality – the socalled “criminogene factors”.

6. The Crime Prevention CouncilsMain objectioves for the SSP-cooperation The local object of SSP The local constellation of SSP The local target-groups The local modus operandi (in general and specific) and the local distribution of tasks are to be determined locally – but the Crime Prevention Council has on a national levelmade recommendations on these questions – in order to ensure effectiveness in the local SSP-organisation.

7. The characteristics of the SSP-cooperation • Collection of know-how and experiences locally • Be in charge of bringing “the world of the youngsters” into the “system” • And during this establish a basis for political attention and decision • “Watch-dog” –part • And on this background ensure the development of look up tasks • Dialog and action

8. Working with Children and Young People at Risk Basic Values: Cooperation , Coordination, Interdisciplinarity, Capaciousnes and Personel-development Long Term Work (The normal system) Short Term Work (The Special system) Social Initiatives Acute Efforts Preventive Initiatives Initiatives to prevent Drugs and Alcohol Abuse Day Care Institutions Schools/SFO Youth Continuation Schools After School Clubs/Youth Clubs Other Clubs Preventive Health Services Projects Special Institutions Research/Investigative Crime Initiatives SSP-Commities Districts Commities Town-Commities “Monday Conferences” National and Local Initiatives Direction of the Crime Prevention Work

9. 4 Districts Committees “Drop Out” Committee Prisons – Prevention of Recidivism Local Committees following the Schoool Districts Network between the Youth Educa-tion Possibilities SSP – SSP+-cooperation(EXAMPLE) SSP-Plus Target Group 2: Children between 17 – 24 years SSP-Contact Committee Target Group1: Children between 0 – 18 years

10. Network-Reminder If we were to form a general view of “a turbulent world” of “a complex and rapidly changing situation” against the background of such vague concepts as values, attitudes, view of human nature whilst at the same time taking decisions on institutions, communities of interest, “actors” and legal principles, it might be helpful to consider the totality as a network or a networking organisation. Such a consideration would mean that a problem might be formulated as a “network-reminder” ad follows: • Which degree of co-ordination is desirable and achievable? • Which degree of freedom/autonomy is desirable and achievable? • Which common interests and principles form the basis of the network? • Which competences and legal principles regulate the interaction between the separate constituent parts of the network? • Which fora/organisation will co-ordinate the network and will ensure the appropriate autonomy for the separate constituents of the network? • Which communities of interests can be identified?

11. Network-Reminder • How are common interests and principles to be defined? • Who is/are to define common interests and principles be safeguarded ? Such, or similar, considerations will provide other approaches to a fundamental debate on cooperation. Hence, the following concrete questions may be as a basis for debate: • What basic values are involved (e.g. democracy, human rights, market economy, social dimension, equality, environmental awareness, professional attitudes)? • Which actors exist in the field of cooperation? • Which degree of coordination is desirable? • Which degree of autonomy is desirable? • Which are the common interests? • Which competences and legal principles?

12. Network-Reminder • Which institutions, agencies, businesses, spheres of authority? • Which communities of interests (professional, cultural, religious, financial)? • How, and by whom, are the various values, actors, interests and communities of interests to be defined? • How will the various defined values, interests and communities of interests be upheld and safeguarded? • How will the balance be struck between the numerous various interests and what strategies should be promoted?

13. The Connection between Crime possibility and moral Crime Possibility Crime Possibility Moral Moral

14. Irish Youth Justice Service Conference 2010 The PSP model Police, Social Service and Psychiatry

15. Irish Youth Justice Service Conference 2010 The Danish Administration of Justice Act, section 114: The Police Director will work to establish cooperation between police, social services and psychiatry as part of efforts to help and protect socially vulnerable people.

16. Irish Youth Justice Service Conference 2010 The Danish Administration of JusticeAct, section 115: The police maydisclose information aboutindividuelsprivacy to otherauthoritiesif the disclosure is deemednecessary for crimepreventionor for police cooperationwith social services an the psychiatry to helpsocially vulnerable persons.

17. Irish Youth Justice Service Conference 2010 The authorities and institutions involved in cooperation are not required to disclose information.

18. Irish Youth Justice Service Conference 2010 The PSP model must through a quick, efficient and coordinated action, ensure that vulnerable people are offered appropriate help and support immediately after the need for assistance has been identified.

19. Irish Youth Justice Service Conference 2010 The PSP model will ensure that cooperation between the participating authorities is being optimized, and that any barriers between the authorities are removed.

20. Irish Youth Justice Service Conference 2010 The PSP model will ensure an optimal exchange of information between the participating authorities and the project must be used as a platform for multi-disciplinary experience and skills.

21. Irish Youth Justice Service Conference 2010 The PSP model must ensure that the help and support to groups or individuals is structured in particular action plans, so that actions can be initiated, followed up and evaluated.

22. Irish Youth Justice Service Conference 2010 The cooperation between The Prosecution Service and the social authorities

23. The basic structure of the Prosecution Service and the Police in Denmark

24. Irish Youth Justice Service Conference 2010 Flow: The police charge a young person (between 15 and 18 years) for a criminal act – violence, burglary or robbery) After investigation in the police depart-ment the case will be send to The Prosecution Service

25. Irish Youth Justice Service Conference 2010 The Prosecution Service makes the indictment and send the case to the city court (1st instance) The Prosecution Service ask the social authorities to make a pronouncement about: - social and personal conditions - make a proposal for conditions

26. Irish Youth Justice Service Conference 2010 Next step is a discussion and casework in the consultation-group about young criminals - The members of this group are: - representative of the social authorities - representative of the penal system - representative of youth custody / detention centre

27. Irish Youth Justice Service Conference 2010 - psychologist - representative of The Prosecution Service - caseworker from the social authorities The consultation-group about young criminals receive all the relevant documents from The Prosecution Service, the social authorities, psychiatric examination etc.

28. Irish Youth Justice Service Conference 2010 The consultation-group about young criminals make a proposal about sanction - for example: - conditions about residence or institutionalization - conditions about compulsory schooling - drug or alcohol rehabilitation - supervision

29. Irish Youth Justice Service Conference 2010 The proposal about sanction vill be send to the city court The prosecutor will under the trial read from the proposal about sanction

31. The New Prevention Concept Lars Rand Jensen Consultant Master of Law and Art

32. Agenda Introduction Framework for understanding and concept definition The concept of safety Other concepts

33. Strategic plan Mission: ‘We prevent crime and create a safer society’ Motto: ‘A safe life without crime’

34. Why define the concepts? To establish consensus on the framework for understanding and a common platform for the work of crime prevention Conscious use of knowledge and mission Use the strategic plan as the basis ’To achieve our strategic goals, we must be aware of the platform that is the basis for the work of the council and stakeholders.’ (Page 16, A3 in the council’s strategic plan)

35. Concept definitions: Safety Development Prevention Crime prevention

36. The four core concepts Safety Development Prevention Crime prevention Increase people’s sense of safety Promote initiatives that strengthen society and individuals and improve their conditions Prevent/avoid the emergence or worsening of a problem Prevent/avoid the occurrence or recurrence of a crime problem/incident

37. Safety Development Prevention Tertiary Primary Reactive Proactive Secondary Crime prevention Primary Tertiary Secondary

38. Crime prevention– a definition Crime prevention is a task that requires focusing on crime incidents and how to reduce them. By crime we mean acts of commission or omission that are punishable violations of a legal standard.

39. Prevention – a definition Preventive activities aim to prevent an undesirable state, incident or problem. Prevention aims to prevent an incident or problem from occurring Prevention involves analysing causes and identifying problems and using the findings to launch preventive measures

40. Development – a definition Development deals with creating good, safe and stimulating living conditions for all members of society.

41. Development measures and measures to create safety We work to build public trust and safety by focusing on improving conditions for society and its citizens. The safety of a given community is thus linked to its ability toencourage development.

42. Safety – a definition A person’s sense of safety is a subjective perception and thus requires a psychological approach. Safety is a sense of trust in the outside world and our personal interaction with our surroundings. Safety is a sense of trust that comes when we feel under no threat of danger.

43. Safety and prevention ‘Preventing crime is a task that requires focusing on undesirable incidents and how to reduce them, while promoting safety requires focus on how to strengthen people’s feeling of being safe.’ (Jordan page 17, TMG)

44. Safety and security walks – an example Safety Development Prevention Crime prevention Feeling safe, creating communities, taking ownership and sharing responsibility for our residential areas Good residential areas with a sense of community Preventing conflicts in residential areas Preventing crimes

45. Project description of safety and Security walks - a concept A planning instrument when designing a building complex or making changes to a complex or district (safe-area checks allow many different people and representatives of many different groups to make their opinions known). An instrument for developing interaction between residents (neighbours) and users in a given area via change through dialogue. This approach may make use of many different methods – and generate many secondary projects. An instrument for increasing safety by addressing insecurity factors in the physical and social environment. An instrument for developing multi-sector and interdisciplinary working relationships between public authorities, organizations and private stakeholders (organized and informal). Examples of methods that will be particularly interesting to work with: ‘Designing out crime’ – in other words removing or reducing criminogenic factors from the physical environment Using CEN standards. Process methods for developing local/urban plans. Methods for involving residents and users in improving their neighbourhood community, including involving children and youth in measures to increase safety – with a view to promoting a good social life in the urban area. Methods for improving creative facilities for local residents.

46. Safety Development Prevention Proactive Tertiary Primary Reactive Secondary Crime prevention Primary Tertiary Secondary

47. Crime prevention Prevention Development

48. Example based on SSP – Copenhagen’s action plan 2 DEVELOPMENT PREVENTION CRIME PREVENTION Provide good youth facilities such as youth clubs, sports halls, libraries, shelters Joint events for children and young people in urban districts Visible police presence on the streets, various youth activities, etc. Information for parents, residents and collaboration partners SSP presentation at schools about the initiatives Initiatives targeted at staff/police in the form of hotlines Skills upgrading for uniformed police officers Action plans

49. Example: From idea to reality We could have done what we usually do...... Focused on the problems of resident composition, vandalism, crime, employee burn-out, etc. Pinpointed all the errors in the area We decided to use the Appreciative Inquiry (AI) and the Asset-Based Community Development (ABCD) method. From AI: - Turn focus on opportunities, what already works, what people were proud of and dreamed about From ABCD: - by using Nørremarken’s human and physical resources as our starting point and getting them to interact with each other And then bring it all together in what we called the ‘Vejle Model’ (balanced city model)

50. Risk factors: Farrington Individual factors Family background. Age, gender and ethnicity. Low intelligence. Low self-control. Mental illnesses. Home and family background Upbringing. Early motherhood. Parents involved in crime. Broken homes. Poor housing conditions. School, education and work Completed schooling and education. School climate. Lifestyle Alcohol and drug use. Street lifestyle. Institutionalization Negative impact Social environment/contextual factors 30. september 2014 Side 50