Week #8 Quarter 2 (12/2-12/6) (calendar site) Friday, 12/6

1. Today in APES… Week #8 Quarter 2 (12/2-12/6) (calendar site) Friday, 12/6 • APES Learning Goal: • I can apply the study of oceanography • Homework: • Aquatic Notes due Monday • Chapters 1-3; 5-6; 23-26 Study Guide due Monday • Chapters 1-7; 23-26 Study Guide due Tuesday • Eco-Column Reports due December 13th • Activities/Assignments: • Scale yourself on #5, 11 12 • Stamp Land Ecosystem Notes • Discuss Land and Aquatic Ecosystem Notes • Oceanography Notes

2. Ocean Floor and Ocean Water Oceanography

3. I. Water Cycle – the natural circulation of water into and out of the atmosphere.

4. A. The Water Cycle • 5 phases: • 1) evaporation – liquid to gas • The sun energy evaporates ocean water and become part of atmosphere • 2) condensation – gas to liquid • Some of H20 molecules in air condense to form clouds. • 3) transpiration – evaporation of H20 through leaves • Occurs when plants breathe during photosynthesis • 4) precipitation – H20 falls from clouds as rain, snow, or sleet • 5) ground water – water that is absorbed by Earth’s surface and travels underground back to ocean

5. Water Cycle – the natural circulation of water into and out of the atmosphere.

6. How much water is transpired into our atmosphere each year by a tree of average size? • 300 gallons of water per year • 30,000 gallons of water per year • 300,000 gallons of water per year • 3,000,000 gallons of water per year

7. 30,000 gallons of water per year Through the process called transpiration, a tree of average size may release through its leaves about 30,000 gallons of water per year. This water is released into our atmosphere. An acre of corn may transpire about 300,000 gallons of water in a growing season.

8. A. Oceans • 71 % of earths surface covered with water • 97 % of the water is in oceans • In fact there is water around all the land

9. FourFIVE major oceans • Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic, Southern

10. Oceans • Pacific is larger than the Atlantic and Indian combined • Atlantic is second largest • Pacific is deepest ocean • Indian is second deepest • Oceans have salt water

11. II. Mapping the Ocean Floor • The deep ocean is difficult to measure • High pressure crushes ships • Earliest method is sounding • Dropping lines until they hit the bottom • Inaccurate and slow

12. 4. Modern Techniques • Instruments like underwater cameras • Underwater robots • Bathyometry – measuring water depth • Indirect methods like sonar • Send down sound waves • They hit bottom and bounce up • Detect signal • Use speed of sound to calculate distance

16. Human Exploration of Oceans

17. A. The Ocean Floor • Topography- the description of the shape ocean floor and its features • Ocean floor is different from the continents. • It has higher mountains • Deeper canyons • Larger, flatter plains • Different type of rocks • More volcanoes

18. B. Continents Edge • Called the continental margin • Three parts • Continental shelf • Continental slope • Continental rise

19. C. Continental Shelf • More like land than ocean floor • Slopes gently from the shoreline • Sediments from land are deposited • Varies in width • Atlantic 200 km • Siberia 1200 km

20. D. Continental Slope • Floor goes down rapidly- steep slope • Boundary between continent crust and ocean crust

21. E. Continental Rise • Slopes more gently • Made of sediments that come off the shelf • Turbidity flows carry sediments down. • Like underwater avalanches of sediment and water

22. F. Submarine Canyons • V shaped valleys cut through shelf and slope • Caused by turbidity flows • Bring deep water close to shore • Monterrey Bay • Good fishing

24. G. The Ocean Floor • Large flat areas are called abyssal plains • Biggest in Atlantic and Indian oceans

25. H. Mountains • Underwater mountains are called seamounts • They are usually volcanoes • Some rise above to form islands • Like Hawaiian islands