Understanding World Religions

1. Understanding World Religions Chapter 1 Introduction to the Study of Religion

2. Introduction to the Study of Religion • What is religion? • Is Scientology a religion? - Some people say it is not. Find and read this article on the Internet: “Scientologists in German push” By Tristana Moore BBC News, Berlin, Saturday, 13 January 2007

3. Introduction to the Study of Religion • The How do we decide whether Scientology is a religion? • Most people who say that Scientology is not a religion argue that religions involve a belief in God that is missing from Scientology. • Others, like some members of the German and French Governments, say that Scientology does not contribute to the good of society like other religions. • Are these objections valid?

4. Introduction toStudy of Religion • Is Buddhism a religion? • Buddhists do not believe in God • Some forms of Buddhism demand that priests totally withdraw from society. So how can they contribute to the social good?

5. Introduction toStudy of Religion • Is Buddhism a religion? • Buddhists do not believe in God • Some forms of Buddhism demand that priests totally withdraw from society. So how can they contribute to the social good?

6. Introduction to Study of Religion • In Tom Jones () one of Henry Fielding’s characters gives the following definitions of religion: • By religion I mean Christianity; by Christianity • I mean Protestantism; by Protestantism I mean • the Church of England, as established by law. • Henry Fielding(1707-1754)

7. Introduction to Study of Religion • Fielding was being satirical. But this definition raises the question what makes a good definition? To be useful a definition must not be prejudiced and must: • apply to all groups we normally recognize as religions, e.g. Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, etc. • exclude those we do not recognize as religions, e.g. football games, venerating political leaders, etc.

8. Introduction to Study of Religion • Many different definitions of religion have been proposed over the years. Here are some brief ones: • “Religion is ultimate concern.” Paul Tillich (1886-1965) • “ Religion refers to systems of general compensators based on supernatural assumptions.” Rodney Stark (1940-) • “A unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things.” Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) • “The recognition of all our duties as divine commands.” Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)

9. Introduction to Study of Religion • One problem with all of these definitions is that they reflect the academic background of the persons who proposed them. Thus as a sociologist, Rodney Stark proposes a sociological definition. • Rodney Stark (1940-)

10. Introduction toStudy of Religion • One To avoid problems of definition Ninian Smart proposed that all religions involve: • A set of institutionalised rituals identified with a tradition and expressing and/or evoking sacral sentiments directed at a divine or trans-divine focus seen in the context of the human phenomenological environment and at least partially described by myths or by myths and doctrines. Ninian Smart (1927-2001)

11. Introduction toStudy of Religion • Ninian Smart model for recognizing religions when we encounter them:

12. Introduction toStudy of Religion • How do we study religion? Probably the best way is to recognize that religious studies is a field rather than a discipline. Therefore, scholars of religions use many different methods:

13. Introduction toStudy of Religion • In practice most people studying religions use one of the following methods which they often combine:

14. Introduction toStudy of Religion • Finally, it is important to note that studying religion often involves the study of religious texts written in many different languages. Therefore, philology, or the study of texts is an essential part of religious studies.