American History Chapter 3: An Emerging New Nation

1. American History Chapter 3: An Emerging New Nation II. The Market Revolution

2. Bell Ringer • During the first half of the 1800’s, expanding markets and thriving industries and business transformed American life. The Market Revolution, as this transformation was called, made the making of money the chief goal of most Americans. • Consider whether or not the roots of our current culture, with its emphasis on material goods, might have its origins in the Market Revolution.

3. Objectives • Learn about ways the economy expanded in the early 1800s and see how the northern and southern economies differed. • Find out about events of the early 1800s that reflected the rise of nationalism in America. • Discover how new opposition parties arose. • See what issues shaper the presidency of Andrew Jackson. • Illinois State Standards met: • STATE GOAL 16: Understand events, trends, individuals and movements shaping the history of Illinois, the United States and other nations. • 16.D.5(US) Analyze the relationship between an issue in United States social history and the related aspects of political, economic and environmental history • 16.E.5a (W) Analyze how technological and scientific developments have affected human productivity, human comfort and the environment.

4. July 4th, 1826 • Thomas Jefferson and John Adams both died on the same day, the 50th anniversary of the country. • Can the new US leadership cope with new problems without having the leadership of the founding fathers? Or will they lead us to civil war?

5. A) An Expanding Economy • Market Revolution: Shift from a home-based, often agricultural, economy to one based on money and the buying and selling of goods. • Manufacturing: making of products by machinery • Free enterprise system (capitalism) private ownership, investing by private citizens, no price controlled, supply and demand • People started working and then shopping • capital: wealth that can be invested to produce goods and make money • Banks are created with state charters • Bank notes the most common form of currency (checks)

6. B) The Northern Economy • No slavery • Northwest – farming – corn, wheat • Northeast – industry – cities • industrialization: growth of industry • first hired women (cheap) then hired Irish (cheaper) • strike: work stoppage • Labor union: organization of workers formed to protect their interest – ages and working conditions (NTU) National trades Union - 1st union • Early unions died out, government took the side of owners

7. C) The Southern Economy • Rural – farmers – cotton – rice – tobacco • No industry • 1804 all Northern states slave free • 1808 Congress banned importation of slaves • Denmark Vesey tried a slave revolt, betrayed by a follower and hanged • Nat Turner, revolted and killed 57 whites, at hanging the crowd turned violent and killed over 100 African American spectators • Banned teaching slaves to read.

8. D) The Rise of Nationalism • US pulling together even though it is pulling apart. • Supreme Court okayed a Bank of the US, protected business contracts, right to regulate commerce • Became friendlier with the UK 15) Monroe Doctrine: US would not get involved with Europe, not interfere with existing colonies, not permit anymore colonization, any European involvement would be an act of war.

9. E) The Rise of Opposition Parties • Election of 1824 – Jackson wins popular vote but not a majority of the Electoral College. House chooses then. Clay swings Kentucky’s vote to Adams. Clay made Secretary of State. Hmmm….. • Adams starts the National Republicans – true followers of Jefferson (big government) • Jackson starts the Democrats (Jacksonian Democrats)– the true followers of Jefferson (small gov’t) • 2nd party system emerges • (1st: Federalists vs. Jefferson’s Democrat-Republicans) • Election of 1828 – Jackson smashes Adams

10. F) The Presidency of Andrew Jackson • Patronage becomes known as the “spoils system” – Jackson’s friends became high officials – argued rotation keeps people from retaining power. Good point • Vetoed more acts then previous 6 Presidents (small gov’t – liberty)

11. a) Tariff of Abomination • Congress passed a tariff to encourage American products. How? • Helped the North, South hated it • South Carolina said states could nullify federal laws • nullify: reject federal laws • State’s Rights: (state sovereignty) states have certain powers that the Federal Gov’t cannot violate. • Secede: right to break away if rights attacked. (Dec of In) • Jackson got passed the Force Bill – gave him power to raise 50,000 troops to enforce the laws. Civil War? Congress lowered tariffs and SC backed down, did nullify the Force Bill

12. b) Indian Relocation • Congress voted to relocate Cherokee Indians in the South. • Worcester v. Georgia: Chief Justice Marshall voted against the Act. Cannot enforce it though • Trail of Tears: forcibly relocation of the Cherokee – 1 out of 4 died

13. c) Bank War and Jackson’s Successors • Jackson vetoed the re-charter of the US bank. • Won re-election – National Republicans changed name to Whigs – anti-king • Called Jackson Andrew I. • Martin Van Buren wins 1836, (D) looses to Harrison in 1840, replaced by Tyler 1 month later.

14. Review • How did the economy expand in the early 1800s, and how did the northern and southern economies differ? • What events of the early 1800s reflect the rise of nationalism in America? • Who did new opposition parties arise? • What issues shaped the presidency of Andrew Jackson? • What is the difference between the United States is and the United States are?