Robot/Machine Intelligence - 1

1. Robot/Machine Intelligence - 1 Kevin Warwick Reading University, UK & Czech Technical University, Praha, CZ

2. Machine Intelligence • Importance • What does it mean for a machine to be intelligent? • Progress to date + Future scenarios • Realistic/Logical approach • Biggest stumbling blocks – human vanity + “AI” • Strong AI/Weak AI/Rational AI • Warwick & Nasuto, IEEE I & M Magazine, Dec 2006

3. What is Intelligence? • Many dictionary definitions – quickness of thought, knowledge, comprehension, gathering information, understanding, ability to reason & profit from experience???? • Academic rigour/common beliefs. • Ability to make appropriate and timely choices. • Problem – Human bias.

4. Humancentric?? • Trying to copy human intelligence? • Investigating intelligence in machines per se? • Google Directory – Computers/AI/People • Turing – Papert – Minsky – Warwick • Alan Turing – Imitation Game/Test • Seymour Papert – Piaget/Child Psychology/LEGO • Marvin Minsky – Imitating human intelligence

5. Bias Removal • Attempt to remove human bias • Definition of intelligence: • ‘the variety of information processing processes that collectively enable a being to pursue autonomously its survival’ • Intelligence in humans put in perspective • Intelligence in animals and machines can be respected and studied for what it is

6. Human & Animal • Intelligence is an integral part of an individual’s being • To try and understand more about intelligence we will look first much more closely at aspects of intelligence in humans and animals • Let’s start with humans • Subjectivity – Dickens/Wells/Einstein/Defoe

7. Subjective Intelligence • What we regard as being an intelligent act, and what not, is very subjective • Human centred – e.g. jokes • Animal centred – bat’s ultrasonic sense • Machine centred – maths, memory

8. Paleolithic Explosion • First humans – 100,000 years ago • 60,000 ya – settlements, tool production • 40,000 ya - art forms (caves & personal decoration), jewelry • Hunting – weapons, collective behaviour, communication, energy for the brain (meat) • Brain development/Evolution • 30,000 ya - Agriculture

9. Language • Communication is vital • Symbolic vocalisations • 3/1,000-6/13,000-18/60,000 – 10 words per day • At peak child learns 1 word per hour every hour • Pinker/Wittgenstein- “Language is not a cultural artefact” – Utter Hogwash!! • Many species use calls for warnings or food supplies – dialects (kikiriki!!)

10. Comparative Studies • Historically humans have compared aspects of human intelligence with those of other animals to show how clever we are • The same is true between humans • Problem now is that machines have come along and upset this logical process • Yet we now get the problem of humans comparing human and machine intelligence – forgetting about other animals!!

11. “True” Language • To show how wonderful humans are in comparison with animals – linguists have drawn up a list of 18 key features of “true” language: • Learning, structure, words do not resemble objects (chair), Reference (sounds relate to objects), etc • Other factors ignored – e.g. speed, distance, robustness against errors. • Machine communication exhibits all 18 features!

12. Nature –versus-Nurture • How much of our intelligence is due to our genes (programming) and how much is due to learning (the environment)? • Twin studies • Adopted siblings • Typical latest – 80/20 in favour of genes/nature.

13. Nature – v- Nurture • Research often politically motivated • Is applying %s to this meaningful anyway? • Try the question – how much of an athlete’s performance is due to genes and how much to training? • Many different theories – s factors, g factors, multiple intelligences etc

14. Giggle Twins • Daphne/Barbara – born London, 1939 • Immediately adopted into separate families of very different social types • Met up again in 1980 • Both drank cold black coffee, both hated heights, both hated seeing blood, both had no sense of direction, both had miscarriages with their first baby, each then had 2 boys followed by a girl, both fell downstairs causing serious injury at the age of 15, ………….

15. Giggle Twins • Both used to read “My Weekly” and stopped the same day, both tinted their grey hair with auburn, both had taken ballroom dancing lessons, both arrived at their reunion wearing a beige dress with a brown velvet jacket, both wore the same perfume, both had cats called “Tiger”, both ……… • This is just one example of many • E.g. Springer Twins in Usvit robotu, soumrak lidstva

16. Intelligence Tests • An intelligence test measures the degree to which tester and subject think alike – Subjective Intelligence. • “Everyone is World Champion at some game” (Ross Ashby) – You are the most intelligent person in the world !!! - Subjectivity • Positive links with examination results though – indicate performance in specific areas.

17. Intelligence Hypersphere • Intelligence is not something that can be indicated by a single number (IQ) • Intelligence is multifacetted

18. On Machine Intelligence • What exactly is machine intelligence (AI)? • Raises questions as to what is life. • Importantly – can machine intelligence ever surpass human intelligence? • We will try to gain more of an understanding of human intelligence in order to attempt to answer these questions.

19. Competition • Survival depends on competing and winning • Human nature to compare • Competition between human groups or individuals • Competition between humans and animals or humans and machines • Physical/sporting or intellectual, e.g.chess/Turing

20. Differences • There are many different animals • There are many different insects • There are many different machines • There are many different humans • Some humans have autism, some humans have had a stroke, some are blind, etc • Each have their own different intelligence

21. Steven Hawking • “In contrast with our intellect, computers double their performance every 18 months.” • “The danger is real that they could develop intelligence and take over the world.” • “We must develop as quickly as possible technologies that make a direct connection between brain and computer.”

22. Cyborg studies • Is it possible to take the best of human and machine intelligence and combine them? • Implant technology. • Linking human nervous system/brain to the Computer. • Seeking to combine human and machine intellects.