India: Government and Political Challenges

1. India: Government and Political Challenges Chapter 9 Section 2

2. IndianGovernment • Federal System: #1 • power divided between central gov’t and state gov’t • In India Federal gov’t more powerful than state gov’t

3. IndianGovernment • World’s largest democracy • Constitution (1950): • individual rights and social services • Outlawed: Untouchability • Healthcare • Federal Union of States • 28 states and 7 territories • Parliamentary Democracy: #2 • Form of government in which power lies in the hands of the political party that wins a majority of seats in parliament • Prime Minister: leader of political party wins majority

5. IndianGovernment • 3 Branches of Government #3 • Parliament Two houses: #3 • Council of State: members are chosen by the state legislatures: • Upper House – Rajya Sabha • House of the People: elected directly by the people – • Lower House – Lok Sabha • Council of Ministers – Cabinet – executive powers

6. The 2014 general election took place in nine phases in India, the longest election in the country's history, from 7 April to 12 May 2014 to constitute the 16th Lok Sabha. Indian Elections 2014

7. Emblem of India Dr. Manmohan SinghPrime Minister 2004 INC OUT 2014 Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi 2014 BJP Party

8. Political Parties • Many political parties: federal and state level • To represent the interests of different caste, language, religious, or regional groups #4 • INC: dominated for years – party of independence #5 • BJP: Bharata Janata Party#5 • Cultural Nationalism - Hindutva • Coalition of opposition to INC • Coalition: #6 • If no party wins a majority of seats in parliament • Government in which several parties join to rule - issues

9. Dividing Forces #7 • Divisions: • Caste system • Cultural Diversity • Treatment of Sikhs and Separatism • Muslim-Hindu clashes • Modern nationality limited

10. Government Weakens the Caste System #8 • Obstacle to Modernization • Outlawed Untouchability - Constitution • Discrimination illegal • Compensatory discrimination: quota system – to help Harijans/Dalit (p.207) • Set aside openings for Untouchables • Government, public jobs, education • Still not fully accepted - Why? • gap between law and tradition

11. Unifying Forces #9 • Bonds: • Commitment to Democracy • Millions of Indians share a common faith • Hindu traditions create important ties for the majority of Indians • Strong leaders

12. What force both divides and unifies the people of India? #10 • Religion

13. India’s Persecution of the Sikhs Punjab Operation Blue Star June 1984 was an Indian military operation, ordered by Indira Gandhi, then Prime Minister of India, under the pretext of removing Sikh separatists from the Golden Temple in Amritsar. The activists, led by Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale, were accused of amassing weapons in the Sikh temple.

14. Indian Leaders

15. NehruFamily

18. Jawaharlal Nehru • First Prime minister of India (1947-1964) • Ally of Gandhi • Goal: to create a modern industrialized secular nation #11 • casteless • Secular: without official religion • socialism

19. Non-Alignment Movement

20. Indira Gandhi #11 • Nehru’s daughter. • Prime Minister of India, 1966-1984. • Continues Nehru’s policies. • Faced corruption charges & internal rebellion. • Assassinated in 1984 by Sikh assassin

21. Rajiv Gandhi #11 • Indira’s son. • Prime Minister of India, 1984-1989. • Liberalization of the Economy • Also faced rebellion. • Assassinated in 1991 while campaigning • Show Assassination Video

22. India v. Pakistan: Dangerous Rivals

23. India-Pakistan Border Disputes

24. 1971India-PakistanWar

25. Mrs. Gandhi with her troops

26. 2002 Military Statistics

28. Stop

29. Kashmir

30. The first Indo-Pakistani war ended on New Year’s Day 1949. A cease-fire called for a plebiscite, or popular vote, to determine once and for all whether Kashmir (center) should be independent or part of India (left) or Pakistan (right).

31. But Indian and Pakistani troops remained in Kashmir on either side of the Line of Control (the barrier roughly corresponding to where the two sides had stopped fighting). With India and Pakistan now effectively governing all of Kashmir, it was practically impossible for the Kashmiri people to hold a free and fair plebiscite.

32. Kashmir Crisis

34. Indian Soldiers Patrol the India-Pakistan Border in Pura, the Winter Capital of the State of Jammu & Kashmir - 1998

35. Indian Soldiers Near the Pakistani Border - 2001

36. A Pakistani Ranger at the Indian-Pakistani Joint Border Check Post in Wagha, India - 2001

37. Anti-war Protestors in Karachi, Pakistan - 2001

38. What title would you give this political cartoon?

39. The India-Pakistan Arms Race Heats Up in the Late 1990s

40. 2002 Nuclear Statistics

41. India’s Prithvi Missiles First Tested in 1988

42. Supporters of former Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee chant nationalist slogans in support for his nuclear policy - 1998

43. Former Indian Prime Minister, Atal Bihari Vajpayee, displays a sword given to him by Sikh youths in New Delhi to honor him for making India a nuclear power - 1998

44. Right-wing Pakistani Activists Burn Indian Flag to Protest Indian Nuclear Tests - 1998

45. Hot Air Balloon Protesting India & Pakistan’s nuclear testing - 1998

46. India Displays Nuclear Missiles During “Republic Day,” - 2002

47. India Successfully Tested Agni Missiles - 2002

48. Musharraf and Vajpayee at a meeting on nuclear issues in Nepal in 2002

49. Is this a possibility?