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Exploring New Horizons: European Encounters 1500-1800

Discover the motives, means, and impacts of European exploration from the 14th to 18th centuries, including encounters with the New World, the rise of empires, and the effects of colonization on societies worldwide.

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Exploring New Horizons: European Encounters 1500-1800

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  1. Chapter 14 Europe and the New World: New Encounters, 1500 - 1800

  2. p. 413

  3. On the Brink of a New World • Motives and Means • The Travels of John Mandeville (14th century) • Access to the East • The Polos • Economic Motives • Religious Zeal • Centralized Monarchies • Ptolemy’s Geography (1477)

  4. p. 416

  5. New Horizons: The Portuguese and Spanish Empires • Prince Henry the Navigator (1394 – 1460) • The Development of a Portuguese Maritime Empire • Bartholomeu Dias • Vasco da Gama • Reaches India by rounding Cape of Good Hope • Viceroys • Alfonso d’Albuquerque (1462 – 1515) • Commercial – Military bases • Reasons for Portuguese Success • Guns • Seamanship

  6. Map 14-1, p. 417

  7. p. 418

  8. p. 418

  9. p. 418

  10. Voyages of the New World • Christopher Columbus (1451 – 1506) • Reached the Bahamas (Oct. 12, 1492) • Additional voyages (1493, 1498, and 1502) • Additional Discoveries • John Cabot • Pedro Cabral • Amerigo Vespucci • Nun˜ez de Balboa • Ferdinand Magellan • Ferdinand Magellan (1480 – 1521) • Circumnavigates the Earth • Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

  11. p. 420

  12. The Spanish Empire in the New World • Early Civilizations in Mesoamerica • The Maya • The Aztecs • The Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire • Hernan Cortés (1485 – 1547) • Moctezuma (Montezuma) • Aztec Empire overthrown

  13. p. 421

  14. p. 422

  15. The Spanish Empire (Cont) • The Inca and the Spanish • Pachakuti • Inca buildings and roads • Francisco Pizarro (c. 1475 – 1541) • Smallpox • Incas overthrown (1535) • Administration of the Spanish Empire • Encomienda • Viceroys • The Church

  16. p. 422

  17. Chronology, p. 424

  18. p. 424

  19. Africa: The Slave Trade • Sugar Cane and slavery • Growth in the Slave Trade • Up to 10,000,000 African slaves taken to the Americas between the Sixteenth and Nineteenth Centuries • High death rate during transit • Prisoners of War • Depopulation of African kingdoms • Political effects of slave trade • Criticism of Slavery • Society of Friends = Quakers

  20. Map 14-2, p. 427

  21. p. 427

  22. The West in Southeast Asia • Portugal • Spain • The Dutch and the English • Local Kingdoms (Burma, Siam, and Vietnam)

  23. p. 429

  24. p. 430

  25. p. 430

  26. The French and the British in India • The Mughal Empire • The Impact of the Western Powers • Portugal • England • The Dutch and the French • Sir Robert Clive • The East India Company • Battle of Plassey (1757)

  27. p. 432

  28. China & Japan • China • Ming Dynasty (1369 – 1644) • Qing Dynasty • Western Inroads • Russia • England • Limited Contact • Japan • Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543 – 1616) • Opening to the West • The Portuguese • Initially visitors welcomed • Catholic Missionaries • The Dutch

  29. p. 433

  30. p. 434

  31. The Americas • Spain and Portugal • The West Indies • The British and the French • The “Sugar Factories” • North America • The Dutch • New Netherlands • The English • Jamestown (1607) • Thirteen Colonies • The French • Canada

  32. p. 435

  33. p. 435

  34. Chronology, p. 436

  35. The Impact of European Expansion: The Conquered • Devastating effects to local populations in America and Africa • Less impact in Asia • Multiracial society in Latin America • Ecology • Catholic Missionaries • Conversion of native populations • Hospitals, orphanages and schools • The Jesuits in Asia • Conversions in China • Japan

  36. The Impact of European Expansion: The Conquerors • Opportunities for women • Economic effects • Gold and Silver • Exchange of plants and animals • Columbian Exchange • Impact on European lifestyle • Chocolate, Coffee and Tea • European rivalries • New views of the world • Gerardus Mercator (1512 – 1594) and his map • Psychological impact

  37. p. 439

  38. Map 14-3, p. 440

  39. p. 441

  40. Toward a World Economy • Economic Conditions in the Sixteenth Century • Inflation • The Growth of Commercial Capitalism • Joint stock trading companies • New economic institutions • The Bank of Amsterdam • Amsterdam Bourse (Exchange) • Agriculture

  41. Mercantilism • Total volume of trade unchangeable • Economic activity = war through peaceful means • Importance of bullion and favorable balance of trade • State intervention

  42. p. 443

  43. Overseas Trade and Colonies: Movement Toward Globalization • Transoceanic trade very valuable • Intra European trade • Trade patterns interlocked Europe, Africa, the East and the Americas

  44. Timeline, p. 445

  45. Discussion Questions • Why were the Western European nations so well positioned for overseas exploration? • How were the Spanish able to defeat the Aztecs? • What social and economic forces drove the Slave Trade? • How were the British able to achieve such a dominant position in Asia? • What impact did European colonization have on the colonized? • What economic changes occurred in Europe as a result of Mercantilism and Capitalism?

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