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Evolution

Explore the concepts of evolution, adaptation, and selective breeding. Learn how organisms adapt to changing environments through natural selection and genetic engineering. Discover Charles Darwin's ideas and evidence for natural selection. See how selective breeding has led to the creation of new varieties in various species.

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Evolution

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  1. Evolution • Life wants to live. • Environments change, therefore organisms must adapt to that change in order to survive

  2. The characteristics of a species can be changed by: selective breeding natural selection genetic engineering

  3. Selective breeding Humans taking charge of selection (breeding) to produce new varieties of various species. http://www.dogbreedcollectibles.com/images/alldogs-layout-breed-collec.jpg

  4. Humans breed dogs for desired characteristics. www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/images/bio_dogs.gif&imgrefurl

  5. Shasta daisies and Russet Potatoes were some of Luther Burbank’s most successful creations by the process of selective breeding

  6. Scientists recognize that if Humans can create so much diversity through selective breeding, that it is possible these animals would have mated anyway and would have created this diversity on their own. This =Natural Selection

  7. Outbreeding The mating of organisms with very different characteristics. The effect is genetic hybridization Ex. One tall plant with one short plant T t t Tt tt t Tt tt

  8. Inbreeding The mating of very similar individuals to keep certain traits present. Ex. The mating of two tall plant keeps all the offspring tall. T T T TT TT t Tt Tt

  9. Inbreeding/Outbreeding

  10. Natural selection The individuals in any population with the inherited features best suited to the environment in which they live are most likely to survive and reproduce. When they do, they pass on the genetic information for these features to their offspring.   Over time, a species appearance, and behavior can adapt and change. They may even become a new species, unable to reproduce successfully with individuals of the original species.

  11. Who was Charles Darwin?What were his ideas about Natural Selection Warbler finch Cactus eater Tree finches Ground finches Insect eaters Seed eaters Bud eater 2006-2007

  12. Charles Darwin Proposed a way how evolution works How did creatures change over time? by natural selection Collected a lot of evidence to support his ideas Lived 1809-1882 British naturalist

  13. Voyage of the HMS Beagle Stopped in Galapagos Islands 500 miles off coast of Ecuador

  14. Galapagos Recently formed volcanic islands. Most of animals on the Galápagos live nowhere else in world, but they look like species living on South American mainland. 800 km west of Ecuador

  15. Darwin found…many unique species Many of Darwin’s observations made him wonder… Why? Darwin asked: Why were these creatures found only on the Galapagos Islands?

  16. Darwin found…clues in the fossils present day Armadillos ancient Armadillo Darwin found: Evidence that creatures have changed over time Darwin asked: Why should extinct armadillos & modern armadillos be found on same continent?

  17. Darwin was amazed to find out: All 14 species of birds were finches… How did they get to the island? But Darwin found… a lot of finches But there is only one species of finch on the mainland! Large ground finch Darwin asked: If the Galapagos finches came from the mainland, why are they so different now? Warbler finch Tree finch Warbler? Woodpecker?

  18. The finches cinched it! Darwin found: The differences between species of finches were associated with the different food they ate. Finch? Sparrow? Warbler? Woodpecker? Darwin said: Ahaaaa! A flock of South American finches were stranded on the Galapagos… Large ground finch Big seed eater Small ground finch Small seed eater Warbler finch Insect eater Tree finch Leaf & bud eater

  19. The finches cinched it! Darwin found: The differences between species of finches were associated with the different food they ate. He hypothesized that those that had variations better adapted to the food source would be more successful breeding. Big seed eater Insect eater Leaf & bud eater Warbler finch

  20. The finches cinched it! Darwin found: The differences between species of finches were associated with the different food they ate. • different beaks are inherited variations • serve as adaptationsthat help birds compete for food • these birds survive & pass on the genes for those more fit beaks • over time nature selected for different species with different beaks depending on the food source

  21. Charles Darwintook his research and hypothesisand published his bookThe Origin of Species by Natural Selection Warbler finch Cactus eater Tree finches Ground finches Insect eaters Seed eaters Bud eater Lets examine the main precepts and supporting evidence.

  22. Descent with Modification by Natural Selection • Darwin logically states if all living things come from other living things then modern day life must have descended from common ancestors. • Newer forms of life in the fossil record are actually modified descendents of older species. • Populations are modified by limiting factors, such as war, disease, lack of food, or lack of space, predators, or climate changes.

  23. Part 2 Evidence of Common Ancestry What one believes is irrelevant. It’s a matter of what you can prove. So where’s the evidence?

  24. Evidence of Evolution • Homologous structures • Beaks of birds • Forelimbs of vertebrates • Similarities in embryology • DNA • DNA fingerprinting • Analogous structures • Bird and insect wings • Vestigial structures • Human appendix • Whale leg bones

  25. Homologous structures. Vestigial structures

  26. Supportive Geology review • Steno- Law of superposition • Relative age, Absolute age

  27. Fossils.. How to read bones? Who came first? Law of superposition, succession of forms,

  28. Evidence of change If natural selection is happening then organisms are in a constant state of change equaled to that of their environment. Common ancestor Closer related would have more traits in common. Where could you find these common traits? Cladistics Patterns in evolution

  29. http://www.nearingzero.net/screen_res/nz149.jpg

  30. Patterns of Evolution Co-evolution

  31. Convergent Evolution: Recurrence of Form Organisms that look remarkably alike are sometimes the result of convergent evolution — although they look similar, they evolved not from an immediate common ancestor with their traits, but within separate lineages that initially lacked them. Compare the torpedo-shaped body of a fish with the body of a swimming mammal, like a dolphin or a whale. The first mammals were terrestrial and walked on four limbs. As the ancestors of the cetaceans adapted to swimming, their limbs were reduced and their body shape converged on the typical fish shape.

  32. Divergent Evolution Adaptive Radiation

  33. Genetic sequences…

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