Splash Screen

1. Splash Screen

2. Bellwork Complete the Psychology Journal on p. 206. Chapter Menu

3. Chapter Introduction Section 1: Sensation Section 2:The Senses Section 3:Perception Chapter Menu

4. Chapter Objectives · Section 1 Sensation Understand that sensations occur anytime a stimulus activates a receptor and that perceptions allow humans to react to their environment. Chapter Preview 1

5. Chapter Objectives · Section 2 The Senses Describe how the sense organs are the receptors of sensations. Chapter Preview 2

6. Chapter Objectives · Section 3 Perception Define perception as the way we interpret sensations and organize them into meaningful experiences. Chapter Preview 3

7. Chapter Preview-End

8. Main Idea Sensations occur anytime a stimulus activates a receptor. Perceptions allow humans to react to their environment. Section 1-Main Idea

9. Vocabulary • sensation • perception • psychophysics • absolute threshold • difference threshold • Weber’s law • signal-detection theory Section 1-Key Terms

10. Objectives • Describe the field of study known as psychophysics. • Define and discuss threshold, Weber’s law, and signal detection. Section 1-Objectives

11. A B C D How many different stimulus are there? A.two B.three C.four D.five Section 1-Polling Question

12. Bellwork Look at Figure 8.1 on p. 208 and answer the question from the caption. Section 1

13. What is Sensation? • Any aspect of or change in the environment to which an organism responds is called a stimulus. • A stimulus can be measured in many physical ways, including its size, duration, intensity, or wavelength. • A sensationoccurs anytime a stimulus activates one of your receptors. Section 1

14. What is Sensation? (cont.) • A sensation can be combined with other sensations and your past experience to yield a perception. • Psychophysics—the study of the relationship between sensory experiences and the physical stimuli that causes them. Fraser’s Spiral Section 1

15. Bellwork Read p. 209, “Profiles in Psychology.” Answer the following questions. 1. Why did the flowers look brighter after Fechner spent a long period in a room painted completely black? 2. How did Fechner revolutionize experimental psychology? Fraser’s Spiral Section 1

16. A B C D What are some examples of a perception? A.color corresponds to the wavelength of the light B.brightness corresponds to the intensity C.Both A & B D.None of the above Section 1

17. Threshold • Psychologists conduct experiments to determine the absolute threshold. The Human Senses Gustav TheodorFechner Section 1

18. Threshold (cont.) • The absolute threshold for the five senses is as follows: • Vision—seeing a candle flame 30 miles away on a clear night. • Hearing—hearing a watch ticking 20 feet away. • Taste—tasting 1 teaspoon of sugar dissolved in 2 gallons of water. • Smell—smelling 1 drop of perfume in a 3-room house. • Touch—feeling a bee’s wing falling a distance of 1 centimeter onto your cheek. Section 1

19. A B C D What is our vestibular sense? A.Spatial movement B.Gravitational pull C.Movement and position of body parts D.None of the above Section 1

20. Sensory Differences and Ratios • The difference threshold is the smallest change in a physical stimulus that can be detected between two stimuli half the time. • The just noticeable difference (JND) refers to the smallest increase or decrease in the intensity of a stimulus that a person is able to detect half the time. Section 1

21. Bellwork Answer the following question in writing: Why do you think we don’t respond to all the stimuli around us? Section 1

22. Sensory Differences and Ratios (cont.) • A particular sensory experience depends more on the changes in the stimulus than on the absolute size or amount. • Weber’s law: the larger or stronger a stimulus, the larger the change required for a person to notice that anything has happened to it. Section 1

23. A B C D How would you rate your sense of smell? A.I smell the slightest odors B.I can smell most odors C.I smell only very strong odors D.Not even a skunk would bother me Section 1

24. Sensory Adaptation • Our senses have an ability to adapt, or adjust themselves, to a constant level of stimulation. • They get used to a new level and respond only to deviations from it. The Disappearing Circle Section 1

25. A B C D What is the purpose of sensory adaptation? A.notice differences in sensations B.react to the challenges of different stimuli C.react to the challenges of changing stimuli D.All of the above Section 1

26. Signal-Detection Theory • The signal-detection theory is the study of people’s tendencies to make correct judgments in detecting the presence of stimuli. • Detection thresholds involve recognizing some stimulus against a background of competing stimuli. Section 1

27. Signal-Detection Theory (cont.) • The concept of absolute threshold: the stimulus (a signal) must be detected in the presence of competing stimuli, which can interfere with detection of the signal. Section 1

28. Signal-Detection Theory (cont.) • Psychologists have identified two different types of processing stimuli: • Preattentive process • Attentive process The Stroop Effect Section 1

29. A B C D What are some reasons that “we notice some things automatically in spite of distracting information”? A.Preattentive process B.The Stroop Effect C.Attentive process D.None of the above Section 1

30. Section 1-End

31. Main Idea The sense organs—the eyes, ears, tongue, nose, skin, and others—are the receptors of sensations. Section 2-Main Idea

32. Vocabulary • pupil • lens • retina • optic nerve • binocular fusion • retinal disparity • auditory nerve • vestibular system • olfactory nerve • kinesthesis Section 2-Key Terms

33. Objectives • Describe the nature and functioning of the sense organs. • Identify the skin and body senses and explain how they work. Section 2-Objectives

34. A B C D What are some internal senses? A.vestibular B.skin C.kinesthetic D.touch Section 2-Polling Question

35. Vision • How does vision occur? • Light enters the eye through the pupiland reaches the lens, which focuses light on the retina. • The retina contains two types of light-sensitive receptor cells, or photoreceptors: rods and cones. The Human Eye Section 2

36. Vision (cont.) • Rods: sensitive to much lower levels of light and are the basis for night vision. • Cones: work best in the daylight and are sensitive to color. • These cells are responsible for changing light energy into neuronal impulses. • Impulses travel along the optic nerve to the brain, where they are routed to the occipital lobe. Section 2

37. Bellwork Create a word map with arrows that shows the process through which light eventually gets interpreted by the brain. Start with light and end with the brain, showing all the steps in between. Light Brain (tell specifically where in the brain it goes) Light Cornea Pupil Lens Retina Optic Nerve Occipital Lobe Section 2

38. Vision (cont.) • Visible light is composed of waves of different length and frequency (observable with a prism). • A prism transmits light while other objects absorb and reflect light. • When some or all of a person’s cones do not function properly, he or she is said to be color deficient. The ElectromagneticSpectrum Testing for ColorDeficiency Section 2

39. Vision (cont.) • Binocular fusion—the process of combining the images received from the two eyes into a single, fused image. • There is a difference between the images on the retinas, called retinal disparity. • Retinal disparity is essential for depth perception. Section 2

40. Vision (cont.) • Nearsightedness—having an eyeball that is too long, which causes problems seeing objects that are distant. • Farsightedness—having an eyeball that is too short, which causes problems seeing up close. A Changing Flag Section 2

41. A B C D If you have good night vision, you could be described as having _____. A.sensitive cones B.sensitive rods C.binocular fusion D.farsightedness Section 2

42. Hearing • Hearing is caused by sound waves that pass through various bones until they reach the inner ear, which contains tiny hairlike cells that move back and forth. • These hair cells change sound vibrations into neuronal signals that travel through the auditory nerve to the brain. Decibel Levels Section 2

43. Hearing (cont.) • The auditory nerve carries impulses from the inner ear to the brain, resulting in the perception of sound. • Sound pressure energy is measured in decibels. • Pitch depends on sound-wave frequency. The Human Ear Section 2

44. Hearing (cont.) • Two types of deafness: • Conduction deafness: when anything hinders physical motion through the outer or middle ear or when the bones of middle ear become rigid (Usually can be improved with a conventional hearing aid.) • Sensorineural deafness: occurs from damage to the cochlea, hair cells, or auditory neurons (Hearing aid will not help; cochlear implant can.) Section 2

45. A B C Which of the following is more likely to be caused by exposure to loud music? A.Conduction deafness B.Sensorineural deafness C.Neither Section 2

46. Bellwork Create a word map with arrows that shows the process through which sound eventually gets interpreted by the brain. Start with sound and end with the brain, showing all the steps in between. Sound Brain (tell specifically where in the brain it goes) sound waves ear flap ear canal ear drum hammer anvil stirrup cochlea cilia auditory nerve temporal lobe Section 2

47. Balance • The body’s sense of balance is regulated by the vestibular system inside the inner ear. • vestibular system: three semicircular canals (attached to cochlea) that provide the sense of balance, located in the inner ear and connected to the brain by a nerve • Inertia causes fluid in the canals to resist changes in motion, which bends receptor hair cells projecting into the fluid. Section 2

48. A B C D What happens when the vestibular sense is overstimulated? A.spinning B.dizziness C.motion sickness D.all of the above Section 2

49. Smell and Taste • Smell and taste are referred to as the chemical senses because their receptors are sensitive to chemical molecules. • In order to smell, the appropriate gaseous molecules must come into contact with the smell receptors in your nose. • These receptors send messages about smells through the olfactory nerve to the brain. Section 2

50. Smell and Taste (cont.) • Olfactory nerve—the nerve that carries smell impulses from the nose to the brain. • In order to taste, appropriate liquid chemicals must stimulate receptors in the taste buds on your tongue. • Taste information is relayed to the brain, along with data about the texture and temperature of the substance in your mouth. Section 2