1 / 67

New Directions In Thought & Culture 16 th /17 th Centuries

Explore the intellectual transition of the 16th/17th centuries with the Scientific Revolution, as new views of the universe emerged and challenged traditional beliefs. Discover the groundbreaking theories of Copernicus, Brahe, Kepler, Bruno, and Galileo.

mrubin
Download Presentation

New Directions In Thought & Culture 16 th /17 th Centuries

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. New Directions In Thought & Culture 16th/17th Centuries The Scientific Revolution AP EURO : Chap 14

  2. Scientific Revolution • Main Themes: • 1. Renaissance & Reformation paved the way for “new” science & philosophy • 2.Shift fromauthoritative truthtofactual truth

  3. Basic Questions Asked • 1. Who am I? • 2. What is my purpose in life? • 3. How do faith, reason, and science inter –relate?

  4. Basic Questions Asked • 4. How can science and laws be applied to society? • 5. What is the nature of a “good” society?

  5. The Scientific Revolution … • Was a period of intellectual transition… • Inspired new views of the universe • Was a complex movement

  6. New Knowledge Emerged • During 16th/ 17th centuries: • Medicine, chemistry, natural history, philosophy • & Most notably… • Astronomy 

  7. Ancient vs. Modern Views of the Universe • What is the earth’s place in the universe? • Where does heaven fit in?

  8. The Accepted Model of the Universe • “Ptolemaic System” • Ptolemy wrote The Almagest (150 c.e.) • Geo centrism- earth is at center of the universe • “Concentric Spheres” above earth

  9. The “Celestial / Concentric Sphere”- Assumptions • “Sphere” surrounded the earth • Stars attached to this sphere • Sphere rotated around stationary earth every 24 hours • Sphere “moved” in westward motion (stars rise in east, set in west)

  10. Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) • Polish Priest/Astronomer • Did not believe Earth was at the center of the universe

  11. Copernicus’ Model of the Universe • Heliocentrism– Sun is at the center of the universe • Challenged Ptolemaic model • Argued that the farther the planet from the sun, the longer it took to revolve around it

  12. Copernicus • Wrote:On Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres • Published after his death 1543 • Theories allowed for others to re-think views of the universe

  13. Nicolaus Copernicus & Heliocentrism • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cNGlHzS1s70 • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C8lMW0MODFs

  14. Tycho Brahe • Danish 1546-1601 • Suggested: • Mercury & Venus revolved around sun, • But other planets revolved around earth

  15. Tycho Brahe • Constructed scientific instruments for observation of planets • Compiled large amounts of data

  16. The Scandalous Life of Tycho Brahe- TED TALKS • http://socksonanoctopus.com/blog/2014/06/ted-talks-dan-wenkel-tycho-brahe-scandalous-astronomer/#.VFO3P_nF9kI

  17. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) • Was Brahe’s assistant • German astronomer • Inherited Brahe’s data

  18. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) • Used Copernicus idea of heliocentric universe + • Brahe’s data = • And Came up with new interpretation of the Universe

  19. 1609 • Published book: The New Astronomy • 1. 1st astronomical model to portray motion • 2. Path of planets as elliptical, not circular • 3. Sun centered universe

  20. Giordano Bruno • Dominican Monk/Astronomer • Born 5 years after Copernicus died • Controversial!

  21. Giordano Bruno,1584 • Published two books: • 1. “Cena de la Cenari” –defended heliocentric theory of Copernicus • 2. De L’infinito , Universo e Mondi (“On the Infinite Universe and Worlds”) …

  22. IN :De l’infinito Universo e Mondi • He Argued: • 1. Universe is infinite • 2. Universe contains an infinite number of worlds And…

  23. That… • 3. These worlds are inhabited by intelligent beings!!!!

  24. Controversial Theories! • He gave a lecture at Oxford University, England • Faculty was outraged!

  25. He Was Kicked out • Of Germany and France • 1591 accepted invitation to live in Venice, Italy • However…

  26. Arrested by the Inquisition! • Investigated, Sent to trial 1592 • Kept imprisoned for 8 years, interrogated periodically • Refused to recant (take back) heretical statements regarding the universe

  27. Death of Bruno • Declared a heretic • Burned at the stake • His file is missing from records

  28. Bruno; A True Astronomer? • Scientists like Kepler & Galileo were NOT sympathetic to Giordano Bruno in their writings

  29. Galileo Galilei (1564- 1642) • Mathematician, “instrument maker”, & astronomer • 1588-1592 Professor of Mathematics University of Pisa • 1592 – Dept. Chair, Mathematics. University of Padua

  30. Galileo’s Achievements • 1. Perfected Dutch Telescope • First used it 1609

  31. Galileo’s Achievements • 2. Discovered Sunspots • 3. Discovered moons around Jupiter -named them after Medicis“MediceaSidera” (Medician Stars) - Name later changed to: Io, Europa, Ganymede,Callisto

  32. Galileo’s Achievements • 4. Wrote : Starry Messenger (1610) • Argued: • Copernican view of the Universe • Universe subject to mathematical laws

  33. IN 1616 • A committee of consultants declared to the inquisition • That the heliocentric theory of the universe was • “absurd in philosophy and formally heretical”

  34. IN1623 His Acquaintance • Became Pope Urban VIII • Gave Galileo permission to resume discussion regarding Copernican system • As long as he treated topic as theory/hypothesis • And not TRUTH

  35. Galileo’s “Mistake” • 1632 published : • “Dialogue on the 2 Chief World Systems” • Featured 2 characters: • A “dumb” character (favored geocentric model) & • A “ smart” character (favored heliocentric model)

  36. Problem? • Pope Urban VIII thought • Galileo was mocking him, and took personal offense! • 1632 Pope referred Galileo case to the Inquisition

  37. Galileo • Imprisoned in 1633 • Refused to recant his theories • Found guilty • Punishment: • House Arrest • Books were banned • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2J0-ZbbrD6U

  38. Pope John Paul II • Formally pardoned Galileo in 1992!!

  39. Isaac Newton • English Mathematician 1642-1727 • Believed in Empiricism: one must observe phenomena before attempting to explain them

  40. 1687 Published his Book • Principia Matematica • Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy • Proved that Motion could be timed and measured

  41. Synthesized or Combined • Kepler’s laws of motion for the heavenly bodies & Galileo’s laws of motion for things on earth.

  42. Newton’s Accomplishments • 1.He explained how the universe works through mathematics. • 2. Planets & Physical objects in the universe move through “mutual attraction: or “gravity”

  43. Newton’s Accomplishments • 3. Laid the foundations for differential and integral calculus. • 4. Established universal laws of motion & gravity

  44. Francis Bacon (1561-1626) • Father of Scientific Method or Empiricism • Believed that: Investigation + evidence lead to truth • empiricism became popular after Isaac Newton used method • Inductive Method.

  45. Rene Descartes (1596-1650) • Relied on “ Rational deduction” instead of empiricism/inductive method • Originally a mathematician invented analytic geometry

  46. 1637- Descartes Wrote • Wrote: Discourse of Method • Asked the following questions: • How can I prove God’s existence? • How can I prove my own existence? • Through Rational Deduction!

  47. 1637 Discourse of Method • -Descartes doubted everything except the following- • Two Categories of Existing Things : thinking things, things that occupy space • He could not doubt his own act of thinking

  48. Conclusion: “ I think, therefore I am” • “Cogito ergo sum” • I exist because I think… • therefore, God exists. • God is the only perfect being.

  49. Medicine Also relied on Ancient Texts! • Galen 2nd century contemporary of Ptolemy encouraged the belief of • Four Bodily humors: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile

  50. New Concepts in Medicine • 1. Andreas Vesalius ( Flemish, 1543) : Founder of biological science. Dissected & Studied cadavers. • 2. William Harvey (English,1628): Accurately explained blood circulation

More Related