Fact or Falsehood?

1. Fact or Falsehood?

2. The National Sleep Foundation’s Sleep IQ Test

3. Chapter 5 • Understanding Consciousness • Sleep and DreamsCircadian Rhythms, Stages of Sleep, Why Do We Sleep & Dream?, Sleep Disorders, Self-help for Sleep Problems • Psychoactive Drugs • Healthier Ways to Alter Consciousness States of Consciousness Crash Course

4. Graph your alertness • Think of your alertness level on during a typical weekday. Make a graph with wake-up to sleep on the x-axis, and alertness on the y-axis.

5. Consciousness • Definition: An individual’s perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and memories that are active at a given moment. Or “an organism’s awareness of its own self and surroundings” • Awareness of: • Internal sensations • External events • Self as a unique being • Thoughts and experiences • Characteristics: Personal and subjective, occurring on a continuum, and changing all the time.

6. Function of Consciousness • Monitoring • Monitoring the environment for what is and what isn’t important • Selective Attention: the ability to choose what to allow into consciousness • Cocktail Party Phenomenon • Controlling • Used to plan and change our actions

7. Conscious/Unconscious Continuum • Subconscious • ignore, select and reject incoming stimuli • Ex: clock chiming the hour • Preconscious • Available memories • Unconscious • Freudian slips, repressed memories, dreams • Divided Consciousness • Ability to do two things at once • Controlled vs. Automatic processes

8. Rhythms in humans • Yearly, 28 day, 90 minute • 24 hour (Circadian) Rhythms: alertness, body temp, hormones • Check out this Ted Talk about Circadian Rhythms! • What happens if no external cues? • Jet lag West to East Phase advance East to West Phase delay • Sleep Deprivation – • 25 facts of sleep deprivation

9. Theories on Sleep There is no physiological reason found for sleep Adaptive: Species need a certain time awake to survive. Sleep protects by keeping out of trouble. Conserving Energy: Less calories burned. Restorative: Restore body and nervous system

10. Sleep as a change in consciousness • Sleep Stages • Stage 1 • Stage 2 • Stage 3 • Stage 4 • REM Collectively called NREM stages

11. EEG Cycles

12. Brain Waves

13. Sleep Stages 1 & 2 Stage 1 • Theta Waves, irregular, breathing slows, light sleep, easily awakened, lasts about two minutes, hypnogogic jerks Stage 2 • About 20 minutes long • Characterized by sleep spindles and K Complexes • easily awakened but clearly asleep

14. DEEP Sleep stages 3 & 4 Stage 3 • A purely transitional stage • marked by 20-50% delta waves Stage 4 • About 30 minutes long • Hard to awaken • Delta waves > than 50% of the time • Walking or talking in sleep, wetting the bed, and night terrors can occur during this stage • Still attend to external stimuli

15. Sleep Stages REM REM • Occurs the first time about an hour into the sleep cycle • Brain waves rapid • Breathing and heart rate rapid • Arousal of genitals • Rapid eye movement • Essentially paralyzed during this stage • Cannot easily be awakened Video on REM from Psychology Tomorrow

16. The Cycles of Sleep • Repeats about every 90 minutes • REM sleep increases at the night moves on • About 25% of sleep is REM

17. Function of Sleep • Deprivation studies for REM sleep result in: • hand tremors • crankiness • inability to pay attention, concentrate • reports of being sleepy • reported hallucinations • REM rebound which occurs once normal sleep cycle is allowed to return

18. Specific Sleep Disorders • Sleep Apnea Nightmares • Narcolepsy / Example 2 Sleep paralysis • Insomnia • REM without Atonia (paralyzed or extremely relaxed state during REM) • Restless leg • Sleep walking, talking • Night Terrors (NREM) children, sudden terror

19. Dreaming • Dreams can occur at any stage • Content and clarity of dream depends on which stage it occurs in • Dreams in sleep stage 1-4 generally lack detail and are more associated with reports of emotion (ex: “It felt like I was being chased”) • REM dreams are detailed and are associated with story lines (ex: I was walking down a dimly lit street, wearing high heels…”)

20. The Function of Dreaming • Function • Wish Fulfillment (Freud): Manifest (actual) and latent contents (symbolic) • Information Processing (Cartwright): The need to continue processing the day’s activities. Solves problems • Activation Synthesis Hypothesis (Hobson & McCarley): Triggered by neural activity from the brainstem

21. Dreaming: pic

22. Most Common Dreams • Falling • Being attacked • Trying repeatedly to do something • School, teachers, exams • Sex • Arriving too late • Frozen with fright • Death of a loved one • Nudity/Inappropriate dress • Killing or seeing themselves dead • Fire/ Snakes

23. Hypnosis • Heightened state of suggestibility • Posthypnotic suggestions and amnesia • Theories: Disassociation, role, state • Best subjects: fantasize, imaginations, good concentration, think favorably • Facts and fallacies

24. Drugs and Consciousness • Concepts in drug use • Tolerance: The need to use more and more of a drug to continue to get the same effects • Dependence • Physiological: Showing a withdrawal syndrome once removed from the drug regimen • Psychological: An emotional need for the drug • Co-dependence • Withdrawal: A distinct set of physiological symptoms associated with the removal of the drug from the system

25. Factors influencing drugs effects • Tolerance- change method of taking • Weight • Physiology • Gender/ethnic background • Amount, strength Factors Video • Personality, mood • Age • Other drugs in system (synergy)

26. Use of Drugs - Percentage “This picture demonstrates the debilitating effects of drug use. You can clearly see the physical breakdown that occurs with the abuse of drugs. What you don't see but can imagine is the loss of jobs, relationships and family.” http://www.houstoncriminallawjournal.com/articles/drug-possession/

27. Classifications of Drugs – • Stimulants: Drugs that stimulate CNS activity • Examples –(meth)amphetamines, caffeine, nicotine, ritalin, cocaine • Can cause rush of energy and mood, followed by a crash. • Prolonged use and/or abuse can cause psychosis. Societal abuse of stimulant meds Emerging trends

28. Stimulants • Amphetamines: Speeds up nervous system. Often an initial euphoria or gain in energy followed by a crash Examples: Meth, cocaine, nicotine, Ritalin, “speed”

29. Drug One-Pager assignment • All students must create a one pager and be prepared to present the information in class. • The following information must be included on your one-pager: • The street names as well as the scientific name(s) given to the drug • Active ingredients • Short term and long term effects • How it’s used (i.e. – swallowed, smoked, snorted, intravenously, etc..) • Any cultural/International biases or influences • A minimum of 5 visual (school appropriate) images must be included. All of this information must be included on one 8 ½ x 11 piece of paper Come to class, prepared to present one-pager NEXT BLOCK…. Not all students will present, but all must be prepared. most commonly abused drugs

32. Opiates Opiate Epidemic in the US • Can be called pain killers: • Heroin, oxycotin, codeine, morpheme • Kills pain, restricts pupils, sedates, apathetic (no cares) • Highly addictive!

33. Description: • Heroin is a highly addictive drug derived from morphine, which is obtained from the opium poppy. It is a “downer” or depressant that affects the brain’s pleasure systems and interferes with the brain’s ability to perceive pain. • Morphine and Codeine are opiates, derived from the poppy plant and are commonly prescribed to manage pain. • Oxycodone / Hydrocodone / Hydromorphone are prescription pain relievers.

34. Short Term Effects Heroin — The short-term effects of heroin abuse appear soon after a single dose and disappear in a few hours. After an injection of heroin, the user reports feeling a surge of euphoria (“rush”) accompanied by a warm flushing of the skin, a dry mouth, and heavy extremities. Following this initial euphoria, the user goes “on the nod”, an alternately wakeful and drowsy state. Mental functioning becomes clouded due to the depression of the central nervous system. Other effects included slowed and slurred speech, slow gait, constricted pupils, droopy eyelids, impaired night vision, vomiting, constipation. Morphine / Codeine — can also produce drowsiness, cause constipation, and, depending upon the amount taken, depress breathing. Taking a large single dose could cause severe respiratory depression, coma, or death. Oxycodone / Hydrocodone / Hydromorphone — Relief from pain. In some people, prescription pain relievers also cause euphoria or feelings of well being by affecting the brain regions that mediate pleasure. This is why they are abused. Other effects include drowsiness, constipation, and slowed breathing. Taking a large single dose of prescription pain relievers can cause severe respiratory depression that can lead to death. Use of prescription pain relievers with other substances that depress the central nervous system, such as alcohol, antihistamines, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, or general anesthetics, increases the risk of life-threatening respiratory depression.

35. Depressants • Drugs which decrease CNS activity • Examples - Alcohol, Barbiturates, Minor tranquilizers, anti-anxiety (valium, zanax) • Alcohol: Reduces inhibitions…. Often leads to grandiose behavior • Long term use can produce depression, chronic fatigue, breathing problems, sleep problems, drug dependency

36. Other classifications • Hallucinogens: Drugs that change perception and self-awareness • Examples - LSD, PCP, marijuana (hard to classify), peyote (legal on reservation), psilocybin (found in mushrooms - psychedelic) Inhalants Restricts blood to the brain, killing brain cells

37. Marijuana • Does not fit neatly into any category, although usually classified as hallucinogen • Active drug THC • Much stronger than in previous generations. NIDA for Teens

38. When marijuana is smoked or vaporized, THC quickly passes from the lungs into the bloodstream, which carries it to organs throughout the body, including the brain. Its effects begin almost immediately and can last from 1 to 3 hours. Decision making, concentration, and memory can be affected for days after use, especially in regular users.2 If marijuana is consumed in foods or beverages, the effects of THC appear later—usually in 30 minutes to 1 hour—and may last for many hours.As it enters the brain, THC attaches to cells, or neurons, with specific kinds of receptors called cannabinoid receptors. Normally, these receptors are activated by chemicals similar to THC that occur naturally in the body. They are part of a communication network in the brain called the endocannabinoid system. This system is important in normal brain development and function. What happens to the brain when Marijuana is used?

39. How are drugs classified? Drug Classifications

40. Classification of Drugs