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THE ENLIGHTENMENT The English Revolution

Explore the Enlightenment era, where reason and the scientific method were celebrated, religion clashed with science, and groundbreaking philosophies on government and individual rights emerged.

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THE ENLIGHTENMENT The English Revolution

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  1. THE ENLIGHTENMENTThe English Revolution CIVICS Mr. Hensley SRMHS

  2. The Enlightenment • All problems can be solved by human reason and the Scientific Method • Religion is not needed • Conflict between religion and science: Copernicus and Galileo • We can use natural laws to understand, predict and control the universe

  3. Descartes and Rationalism • Descartes believes that there are universal truths that we can understand through logic and reason • Math is an example (Descartes unified algebra and geometry) • “I think therefore I am” • Method is top-down

  4. Bacon and Empiricism • Francis Bacon is an English nobleman • Believes that knowledge can only be verified through experience • We must form hypotheses and then collect data to test them – this becomes the scientific method • Method is bottom-up

  5. English Historical Traditions • Magna Carta (1215) • English nobles get King John to sign document which recognizes certain rights of the nobles that the king must now respect • Limits on taxation, rights to a quick trial • Only applies to nobles

  6. Parliament • Two Houses: Lords (with a veto) and Commons • Commons representative are elected (democracy) • King must consult Parliament, especially on taxes • King can call or dismiss Parliament

  7. English Civil War • Charles I becomes unpopular by refusing to work with Parliament and by raising taxes • 1640’s: Civil War as supporters of Charles fight the “Parliamentarians” • Consent of the governed versus the Divine Right of Kings • 1649: Charles beheaded

  8. Cavaliers and Cromwell • 1650’s: Oliver Cromwell becomes Lord Protector • He is a Puritan • Supporters of the dead King are known as Cavaliers • In America, Northern colonies support Cromwell • Southern colonies are Anglicans and royalists

  9. The Restoration • 1660: Royalists restore Charles II to throne • Charles I is canonized by the Anglican Church • Puritans are now in disfavor, purged from government • 1660 to 1685: Charles II reigns, England loosens its morals

  10. Meet Hobbes • English philosopher, his book is called Leviathan – it is about what made for the best government • He believed all men were selfish (evil) and that without a strong government to keep them in line, life would be “nasty, brutish and short” • Monarchy was best

  11. Hobbes Quotes • “The condition of man... is a condition of war of everyone against everyone. “ • “During the time men live without a common power to keep them all in awe, they are in that conditions called war; and such a war, as if of every man, against every man. “ • No arts; no letters; no society… continual fear, and danger of violent death: and the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short."

  12. Meet Locke • Locke was also a philosopher – he believed people were born with natural rights • Examples: life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness • People gave their consent to be governed in exchange for the governments promise to protect those rights

  13. Consent of the Governed • Locke believed a representative government was best (elect representatives who make the decisions) • He believed that if your government failed to protect your natural rights, then you could withdraw your consent • Replace your government if it doesn’t do its job!

  14. Locke Quotes • “The end of law is not to abolish or restrain, but to preserve and enlarge freedom. For in all the states of created beings capable of law, where there is no law, there is no freedom.” • “All mankind... being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty or possessions. “ • “The reason why men enter into society is the preservation of their property. “

  15. The Glorious Revolution • James II succeeds Charles II in 1685, suspected of Catholicism and French sympathies • Overthrown by Parliament in 1689 and replaced by William and Mary (from Holland) • New monarchs agree to respect Parliament and sign the English Bill of Rights

  16. English Bill of Rights • Only Parliament can tax English citizens • Only Parliament can keep a standing army • King is not above the law and cannot intervene • Parliament has freedom of speech in session • Parliament can give people right to bear arms

  17. In the Year 1700… • Great Britain is the only European country where people have their natural rights protected by their government • They have a King – but he works for the people (Parliament) • Glorious Revolution was an example of “consent of the governed”

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