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Advanced Programming

Università di Pisa. Advanced Programming. Giuseppe Attardi Dipartimento di Informatica Università di Pisa. Language is an instrument of human reason, not merely a medium for the expression of thought. G. Boole, An Investigation of the Laws of Thought, 1854. Instructor and Assistant.

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Advanced Programming

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  1. Università di Pisa Advanced Programming Giuseppe Attardi Dipartimento di Informatica Università di Pisa

  2. Language is an instrument of human reason,not merely a medium for the expression of thought.G. Boole, An Investigation of the Laws of Thought, 1854

  3. Instructor and Assistant Giuseppe Attardi Office: 292 Mail: attardi@di.unipi.it TBD

  4. Recurring questions • To teach or not to teach programming? • How to teach programming? • Programming is not just programming languages

  5. Software Everywhere • Software can be the key to delivering new product offerings and driving continuous product innovation • Software role: • Product innovation • Process flexibility • Process enforcement for quality assurance and matching demands

  6. Software Innovation

  7. Software as Competitive Advantage Most Admired Companies Making IT A Competitive Advantage (Forbes) JP Morgan Chase Kaiser Permanente Mayo Clinic Microsoft Nestle Procter & Gamble Progressive Insurance Schlumberger Target Toyota Wells Fargo • Accenture • Amazon • Apple • Cleveland Clinic • General Electric • Goldman Sachs • Google • Hospital Corporation of America • IBM • Intermountain Healthcare

  8. Introduction • Programming in the 21 century • Software as complex as ever • Command line interface not enough • Data comes from multiple sources: structured (DB) and unstructured • Single computer not enough • Software development is a group activity • Deployment on Web or mobile devices

  9. Requirements • Cannot start from scratch • Reusable components are needed • OS + libraries not enough

  10. Elements of a Solution • Software Framework • Component Model • Execution Environment

  11. More Complex Software • Object-Oriented Programming allows ever larger applications to be built • Require increased high-level application and system oversight • Multi-tier applications development increases the choices on how to build applications • A new Software Architect Role is needed

  12. Software Architect Duties • Creating, defining or choosing an application framework • Creating the component design • Structure a complex application into pieces • Understand the interactions and dependencies among components • Select the platform based on cost/performance criteria • Organize and supervise the “construction site”

  13. Application Framework • A software framework used to implement the standard structure of an application for a specific development environment

  14. Software Framework • A collection of common code providing generic functionality that can be selectively overridden or specialized by user code providing specific functionality • Frameworks, like software libraries, provide reusable abstractions of code wrapped in a well-defined API

  15. Framework Features • Inversion of control • unlike in libraries, the overall program's flow of control is not dictated by the caller, but by the framework • Hollywood Principle: Don’t call us, we’ll call you • Default behavior • Extensibility: usually by selective overriding • Non-modifiable framework code

  16. OO Software Framework • Object-oriented programming frameworks consists in a set of abstract classes • An application can be built simply inheriting from pre-existing classes in the framework • Instantiation of a framework consists of composing and subclassing the existing classes

  17. Examples of Frameworks • GUI • MFC • Gnome • Qt • General • Android • Spring • Cocoa • Web • ASP.Net • GWT • Rails • Concurrence • Hadoop Map/Reduce

  18. Class Hierarchy (NextSTEP 1988)

  19. Cocoa (2013)

  20. Benefits of Frameworks • Drives solution • Dictates how to fill-in-the-blanks • Helps solving recurring problems • Designed for reuse • High value, since reduces cost of development

  21. Framework Design • Intellectual Challenging Task • Requires a deep understanding of the problem domain • Requires mastering of software patterns, OO methods and polymorphism in particular

  22. Design Pattern • More abstract than frameworks • Frameworks can be embodied in code, but only examples of patterns can be embodied in code • Design patterns explain the intent, trade-offs, and consequences of a design • Smaller architectural elements than frameworks • A typical framework contains several design patterns but the reverse is never true. • Less specialized than frameworks • Frameworks always have a particular application domain • Design patterns can be used in nearly any kind of application

  23. Examples • Visitor • Publish/Subscribe • Factory • Dependency Injection • Chain of Responsibility • Observer • Iterator • Decorator

  24. Dependency Injection • Allows avoiding hard-coded dependencies and changing them • Allows selection among multiple implementations of a given dependency interface at run time • Examples: • load plugins dynamically • replace mock objects in test environments vs. real objects in production environments

  25. Dependency Injection public class Client { // Internal reference to the service used by this client     private Service service;     Client() { // Fixed implementation         service = new ServiceExample();     } Client(Service service) { // injection of a specific service     this.service = service; } // Method within this client that uses the service     public String greet() {         return "Hello " + service.getName();     } }

  26. Course Objectives • Understand programming language technology: • Execution Models • Run-time • Analyze programming metaphors: • Objects • Components • Patterns • Learn advanced programming techniques • Understand their limits ad how to overcome them

  27. Course Objectives • Explain how high level programming concepts and metaphors map into executable systems and which are their costs and limitations • Acquaint with modern principles, techniques, and best practices of advanced software construction • Introduce techniques of programming at higher abstraction levels, in particular generative programming, component programming and web computing • Present state-of-the-art frameworks incorporating these techniques

  28. Syllabus

  29. Programming Language Foundations • Syntax, Parsing, Abstract Syntax Tree, Parser Generators • Names, Scope, Binding • Parameter Passing • Static and Dynamic Allocaltion: Stack, Heap • Types, Inheritance, Polymorphism, Overloading • Delegates, Closures • Exception Handling

  30. Run-time Systems • Virtual Execution Environment • Memory Management • Thread Management • Exception Handling • Security • Debugging Support • AOT and JIT Compilation • Dynamic Link/Load • Reflection • Verification • Language Interoperability

  31. Advanced Techniques • Generic Programming • C++ templates • C# Generics • Java Generics • Generative Programming • Metaprogramming • Reflection • Template • Aspect Oriented Programming • Generators

  32. Interoperability • Process level: interprocess communication • Language level: CORBA/IDL • Object level: DCOM

  33. Component Based Programming • COM • JavaBeans • .NET (Assembly, Reflection, Interfaces, Attributes) • OSGi

  34. Web Programming • Web Services, SOA • Web Frameworks • Web 2.0

  35. Web Services • XML, XML-Schema • SOAP, RPC, Rest • WSDL • UDDI

  36. Web Frameworks and Applications • Asp.Net • J2EE • JQuery • AJAX: XHR, jQuery, YUI, GWT • Node.js • React

  37. Service Components • Service Oriented Architecture • Microservices • Flow Based Programming

  38. Scaling • Map/Reduce • CUDA Programming

  39. Web Application Frameworks • Architectures • Principles: • Inversion of control • Features • Templates • Database access and mapping • Scaffolding • Ajax • Web Services • Examples: • Symfony • Laravel

  40. Scripting Languages • Perl • Python • JavaScript • PHP • Ruby

  41. IEEE Spectrum Ranking 2015-2014

  42. IEEE Spectrum Ranking 2016-2015

  43. CodEval Chart

  44. Top 10 Frameworks

  45. Top 10 Web Application Frameworks • Ruby on Rails • AngularJS • Ember.js • CakePHP • Phalcon • Zend • ASP.net • Symfony • Express • Codeigniter

  46. Text Books Programming Language Pragmatics, third ed.. Michael L. Scott, Morgan-Kaufmann, 2009. Software Components: Beyond Object-Oriented Programming. C. Szyperski, D. Gruntz, S. Murer, Addison-Wesley, 2002.

  47. Additional Reading Generative Programming: Methods, Tools, and Applications. K. Czarnecki, U. Eisenecker, Addison-Wesley, 2000. Object Thinking. D. West, Microsoft Press, 2004. jQuery in Action. B. Bibeault, Y. Katz, Manning, 2010.

  48. Assessment • Mid Term Paper: half way, one week homework • Term Paper: at the end of the course, 20 days homework

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