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BTC PTEC Biodiesel Workshop

BTC PTEC Biodiesel Workshop. August 7 – 8, 2006 Session 3 – Feed stock and product quality. Agenda for third session. Feed stock types Measurement of feed stock quality Biodiesel specifications Measurement of product quality. Feedstocks for biodiesel. Vegetable oil Soybean Rapeseed

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BTC PTEC Biodiesel Workshop

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  1. BTC PTEC Biodiesel Workshop August 7 – 8, 2006 Session 3 – Feed stock and product quality

  2. Agenda for third session • Feed stock types • Measurement of feed stock quality • Biodiesel specifications • Measurement of product quality

  3. Feedstocks for biodiesel • Vegetable oil • Soybean • Rapeseed • Palm • Animal fats (lower cost) • Rendering plants • Spent oils (lowest cost, so far) • Yellow and grey grease

  4. Comparison of feedstocks • Vegetable oil • Unrefined (high phospholipid content) un-degummed oils have separation problems in the process • Refined (better product) • Animal fats • Lower cost • Higher concentrations of saturated FA • Biodiesel products may have higher freezing points • Higher cetane numbers

  5. Comparison of feedstocks • Spent oils • Trap grease (odor, moisture and color problems for this low cost feedstock) • Brown grease (FFA > 15%) • Yellow grease (FFA < 15%) • Cheaper

  6. Vegetable oils • US • Soybean oil (0.4 T oil/ha, 20% yield from seeds) • Canola and mustard oil (40% yield from seeds) • Europe • Rapeseed oil (0.5 T/ha, 40% yield from seeds) • Sunflower oil (0.5 T/ha) • Tropics • Palm oil (4 T/ha)

  7. Feedstock preparation • Removal of contaminants • Sediment < 2% • Moisture < 0.5 – 1% • Free fatty acids < 2 – 15% • Phosphatide and sulfur <20 ppm

  8. Chemical quality • Alcohols • Dry • Free of contaminants that may go into ester phase • Catalysts • Dry

  9. Fuel quality issues • Free fatty acids • Moisture (hard to keep out) • Contaminants • Unreacted triacyl glycerols, alcohol • Unseparated glycerine • Mono and diglycerides • Storage properties • Measure acid and viscosity to follow quality

  10. Fuel contaminant problems • Fuel filter plugging • From mono and di glycerides • Engine deposits • Fuel deterioration • Affected by presence of air, heat, metals • Biodiesel will absorb some water upon storage (1500 ppm) • May pick up material from storage tanks

  11. Fuel standards • US ASTM D6751 • Mostly same as for diesel fuel, except for • Acid number, glycerine • Higher limit on water • Europe EN14214 (engine), EN14213 (heating) • Diesel standard is ASTM 975 • State standards for cloud point

  12. ASTM D6751 Biodiesel Standard

  13. Comparison of diesel to biodiesel ASTM limits

  14. Fuel related properties of diesel and methyl esters

  15. Analytical tests • Gas chromatography (GC) • Ester identification and quantification • Titration • FFA measurement • Iodine test • Flashpoint (flammabilit) cup method • Water and sediment (centrifuge for volume) • Low water solubility in biodiesel (15 ppm) • Distillation (upper/lower limits for 90%) • Too low, may have to high a flashpoint • Too high, tendency of fuel to deposit on cylinder walls

  16. Analytical tests • Viscosity (falling ball or capillary method) • Ash (muffle furnace method) • Cloud point (temperature at which fuel first starts to crystallize), regional and seasonal • Carbon residue (pyrolysis test) • Glycerol (Gas Chromatograph) • Acid number (potentiometric titration) • Phosphorus (Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy) • Sulfur by Ultraviolet Fluorescence

  17. Fuel properties • Cetane number • Measure of ignition quality of fuel (autoignition property) • Hexadecane (cetane) has a cetane number of 100 • Biodiesel minimum of 47 (ASTM D6751) • Uses an engine (expensive)

  18. Analysis and costs • Full specification analysis • about $1300/sample • $1100/sample for seven consecutive samples (Magellan Midstream Partners Laboratory Service) • Several analytical companies are equipped for analysis • PerkinElmer offers on-line training courses

  19. Fuel properties • Cold weather properties • Cloud point • Temperature at which fuel starts to crystallize • Pour point • Temperature at which fuel cannot be freely poured • Cold filter plugging point (ASTM D6371) • Lowest filtration temperature

  20. Fuel properties • Storage properties (oxidation) • Iodine value • Indication of unsaturation of FA • Indication of tendency to polymerize • European limits of 120 (engine) and 130 (heating) • Rancimat test • Can improve with additives (same as for diesel fuel) or modification

  21. National Biodiesel Accreditation Program • Voluntary program for producers and markets to produce a standard biodiesel called BQ-9000 • Includes ASTM 6751 standard and quality systems standards for the practices of: • Storage • Sampling and testing • Shipping and distribution • Fuels management • Eight accredited producers in the US • Market a BQ-9000 manual ($125)

  22. Improvement of low temperature properties • Additives (polymers) • Winterization (cooling and filtration) • Results in loss of material and reduces CN • Branched esters • Isopropyl ester has mp 6 - 7 deg below propyl • Higher cost

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