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States of Matter and Changes of State

Learn about the different states of matter and the changes that occur between them. Explore the behavior of gases, the motion of particles, and the processes of vaporization, evaporation, condensation, and sublimation. Discover the characteristics of solids, liquids, and gases and how they differ.

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States of Matter and Changes of State

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  1. Table of Contents • Chapter Preview • 3.1 States of Matter • 3.2 Changes of State • 3.3 The Behavior of Gases

  2. Chapter Preview Questions • 1. The space that matter fills is called • a. pressure. • b. area. • c. volume. • d. mass.

  3. Chapter Preview Questions • 1. The space that matter fills is called • a. pressure. • b. area. • c. volume. • d. mass.

  4. Chapter Preview Questions • 2. Which of the following describes a solid? • a. definite volume but no definite shape • b. definite shape and definite volume • c. neither definite shape nor definite volume • d. definite shape but no definite volume

  5. Chapter Preview Questions • 2. Which of the following describes a solid? • a. definite volume but no definite shape • b. definite shape and definite volume • c. neither definite shape nor definite volume • d. definite shape but no definite volume

  6. Chapter Preview Questions • 3. Which of the following describes a liquid? • a. definite volume but no definite shape • b. definite shape and definite volume • c. neither definite shape nor definite volume • d. definite shape but no definite volume

  7. Chapter Preview Questions • 3. Which of the following describes a liquid? • a. definite volume but no definite shape • b. definite shape and definite volume • c. neither definite shape nor definite volume • d. definite shape but no definite volume

  8. Chapter Preview Questions • 4. Which of the following describes a gas? • a. definite volume but no definite shape • b. definite shape and definite volume • c. neither definite shape nor definite volume • d. definite shape but no definite volume

  9. Chapter Preview Questions • 4. Which of the following describes a gas? • a. definite volume but no definite shape • b. definite shape and definite volume • c. neither definite shape nor definite volume • d. definite shape but no definite volume

  10. Suppose you leave a towel out • on the beach on a hot, sunny • day. After a few hours, you • return to get the towel. How • would the temperature of the • towel have changed? How do solids, liquids, and gases differ in the motion of their particles?

  11. High-Use Academic Words Vaporization, evaporation, condensation, sublimation -ation State of, process of, act of Noun

  12. High-Use Academic Words -ine Consisting of Adjective Crystalline

  13. High-Use Academic Words -sion State of, process of, act of Noun Surface tension

  14. Apply It! Vapor is another word for gas. Use the chart above to predict the meaning of vaporization. Revise your definition as needed. When you come across an unfamiliar word, look at the suffix to help you determine the meaning. Then check the definition in the glossary or a dictionary. Sample answer: Vaporization means the process or act of vaporizing or changing something into vapor.

  15. End of Chapter Preview

  16. Section 1:States of Matter • How can you describe the motion of particles in a solid? • How can you describe the motion of particles in a liquid? • How can you describe the motion of particles in a gas?

  17. Solids • The particles in a solid are closely locked in position and can only vibrate.

  18. In amorphous solids, the particles are not arranged in a regular pattern. Solids • Solids that are made up of crystals are called crystalline solids.

  19. Liquids • Compared to particles in a solid, the particles in a liquid are more loosely connected and can collide with and move past one another.

  20. Gases • In gases, the atoms and molecules are free to move independently, colliding frequently.

  21. Links on Solids • Click the SciLinks button for links on solids.

  22. Viscosity • Click the Video button to watch a movie about viscosity.

  23. End of Section:States of Matter

  24. Section 2:Changes of State • What happens to a substance during changes between solid and liquid? • What happens to a substance during changes between liquid and gas? • What happens to a substance during changes between solid and gas?

  25. Changes Between Solid and Liquid • The change in state from a solid to a liquid is called melting.

  26. Changes Between Solid and Liquid • The change from a liquid to a solid is called freezing.

  27. Changes Between Liquid and Gas • The change from a liquid to a gas is called vaporization.

  28. Temperature and Changes of State • A beaker of ice at –10ºC was slowly heated to 110ºC. The graph shows how the temperature of the water changed over time.

  29. Temperature (ºC) on the y-axis, time (minutes) on the x-axis Reading Graphs: What two variables are plotted on the graph? Temperature and Changes of State

  30. The temperature is rising from 0ºC to 100ºC. Reading Graphs: What is happening to the temperature of the water during segment C of the graph? Temperature and Changes of State

  31. Segment B: melting point of ice; segment D: boiling point of water Interpreting Data: What does the temperature value for segment B represent? For segment D? Temperature and Changes of State

  32. Change from solid to liquid; change from liquid to gas Drawing Conclusions: What change of state is occurring during segment B of the graph? During segment D? Temperature and Changes of State

  33. Links on Changes of State • Click the SciLinks button for links on changes of state.

  34. End of Section:Changes of State

  35. Section 3:The Behavior of Gases • What types of measurements are useful when working with gases? • How are the volume, temperature, and pressure of a gas related?

  36. A Change in Pressure • A punctured basketball deflates as gas particles begin to escape.

  37. Temperature and Volume • When the temperature of a gas increases at constant pressure, its volume increases.

  38. Pressure and Volume • As weights are added, the gas particles occupy a smaller volume. The pressure increases.

  39. Pressure and Temperature • When a gas is heated, the particles move faster and collide more often with each other and with the walls of their container. The pressure of the gas increases.

  40. Gas Laws Activity • Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about gas laws.

  41. Graphing Gas Behavior In an experiment, the temperature of a gas at a constant volume was varied. Gas pressure (in kilopascals) was measured after each 5-kelvin change in temperature. The data from the experiment are shown in the table.

  42. Graphing Gas Behavior Graphing Use the data to make a line graph. Plot temperature on the horizontal axis with a scale from 270 K to 300 K. Plot pressure on the vertical axis with a scale from 0 kPa to 25 kPa. (1 kPa = 1,000 Pa)

  43. Graphing Gas Behavior Interpreting Data What was the manipulated variable in this experiment? Changing the temperature of a gas at constant volume changes its pressure in a similar way.

  44. Graphing Gas Behavior Interpreting Data What kind of trend do the data show? Pressure increases with temperature.

  45. Graphing Gas Behavior Drawing Conclusions What happens to the pressure of a gas when temperature is increased at constant volume? Gas pressure increases.

  46. Links on Gases • Click the SciLinks button for links on gases.

  47. End of Section:The Behavior of Gases

  48. QuickTake Quiz • Click to start quiz.

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