Agenda

1. Agenda • Bell ringer • Review comparative essay • India (through Buddhism) • Closure • Indian Mathematics

2. Review • What was the organization of Han imperial government? • What was the organization of Han society? • What were the major Han accomplishments? • What were the causes of the fall of the Han?

3. Unit 2: Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies (600 B.C.E. – 600 C.E.)

4. Essential learning: foundations of indian civilization (1500 BCE-300 BCE)

5. Objectives • Assess how key geographic features of India affected its development. • Identify the significance of the Vedic Age. • Describe how the system of classes and castes regulated interaction and how they were linked to reincarnation. • Describe how Jainism and Buddhism challenged Brahmin domination. • Describe the differences between Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism.

6. Essential Questions • How did key geographic features of India affect its development? • Why was the Vedic Age important? • How did the system of classes and castes regulate interaction? How were they linked to reincarnation? • How did Jainism and Buddhism challenge Brahmin domination? • What are the differences between Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism?

9. Where is India?

10. Target: Geography • Subcontinent • Hindu Kush and Himalaya Mountains • Indus and Ganges Rivers • Thar Desert • Deccan Plateau • Monsoons - seasonal wind that brings hot dry air in winter and wet weather in summer • Ocean has not been a barrier to travel and trade

12. Target: The Vedic Age (1500-500 BCE) • Vedas – religious texts • Indo-Europeans migrated into northwest India (c. 1500 BCE) • Herded cattle, no central authority • Patriarchal, warrior class • Some groups migrated to the Ganges Plain (after 1000 BCE)

13. Warfare between the Aryans and the Dasas (dark-skinned speakers of Dravidian languages) • Development of social classes based on varna (“color”) • Classes further divided into jati (birth groups, castes)

15. Untouchables • Dhoba– washes clothes of villagers, polluted – touching used, dirty clothes, refuse to touch bhangi clothes • Chamars– leather workers, mainly farm hands • Dhanuk– farmhands, women – village midwives, contact with baby and mother pollutes, more physical freedom • Bhangi– worst, strictly untouchable, toilet cleaners, women go into homes and clean toilets and drains, men traveled roads and open spaces cleaning waste, messenger of bad news (death), during feasts – collect and eat scraps, extra helpers during times of harvest

16. Class and caste systems came to be connected to reincarnation • Atman (immortal essence) born into another body at death • New body depended on dharma (deeds) and karma (actions) of the atman in previous reincarnations

17. Vedic religion • Sacrifice sustained the gods • Brahmins held much power. • Women played a role in religion and could own property.

18. Target: Jainism • 700 BCE – reaction against Brahmin power • Some retreated to forests • Alternate path to salvation – individual pursuit of insight • Distancing from desire could result in moksha – escape from cycle of reincarnation and union with the universe

19. Jainism • Mahavira (540-468 BCE) known to followers as Jina (“the Conqueror”) • All living creatures have a holy life force • Nonviolence • Many eventually starved to death

20. Target: Buddhism • Siddhartha Gautama • Meditated under tree to search for meaning of life • Wanted to find a way to end suffering • Called Buddha (“Enlightened One”)

21. p. 185

22. 4 Noble Truths • 1. All life is suffering • 2. Suffering is caused by desire for things that are illusions • 3. The way to eliminate suffering is to eliminate desire • 4. Following the Eightfold Path will help people overcome desire

23. Eightfold Path • 1. Right views • 2. Right intentions • 3. Right speech • 4. Right conduct • 5. Right livelihood • 6. Right effort • 7. Right mindfulness • 8. Right meditation

24. Denies the usefulness of gods • Ultimate goal: Nirvana • Spread through Central, Southeast, and East Asia • Monasteries, monks, nuns • Bodhisattvas – achieved enlightenment, chose to help others

25. p. 184

26. Division between Mahayana Buddhism and Theravada Buddhism

27. Essential Questions • How did key geographic features of India affected its development? • Why was the Vedic Age important? • How did the system of classes and castes regulate interaction? How were they linked to reincarnation? • How did Jainism and Buddhism challenge Brahmin domination? • What are the differences between Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism?

28. p. 186 Indian Mathematics • Why was the Indian method of arithmetic more beneficial than methods used elsewhere? • Trace the spread of the Indian system. • Why was this system of mathematical notation invented in India?

29. Agenda • Bell ringer • Review India (to Buddhism) • Finish India • Closure

30. Review • How did key geographic features of India affected its development? • Why was the Vedic Age important? • How did the system of classes and castes regulate interaction? How were they linked to reincarnation? • How did Jainism and Buddhism challenge Brahmin domination? • What are the differences between Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism?

31. Unit 2: Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies (600 B.C.E. – 600 C.E.)

32. Essential learning: foundations of indian civilization (1500 BCE-300 BCE)

33. Objectives • Describe how Hinduism evolved to meet the needs of the people. • Describe the significance of Ashoka. • Assess the significance of the time between the Maurya and Gupta empires. • Identify the accomplishments of the Gupta Empire.

34. Essential Questions • How did Hinduism evolve meet the needs of the people? • What is the significance of Ashoka? • What happened between the Maurya and Gupta rule? • What were the accomplishments of the Gupta Empire?

35. Target: Evolution of Hinduism • Vedic religion evolved into Hinduism because of Jainism and Buddhism. • Included parts of Dravidian cultures and Buddhism. • Individual devotion to particular god/goddess. • Many gods, sects, and local practices.

36. Vishnu – the Preserver

37. Shiva – The Destroyer

38. Different ways to approach god and obtain divine favor. • Ganges River is sacred to the Hindus. • Religious duties depend on social class. • Hinduism lasted in India, Buddhism did not.

39. Target: The Mauryan Empire (324-184 BCE) • Chandragupta Maurya (r. 273-232 BCE) • Gained control of the Magadha kingdom (late 4th century BCE), expanded into Mauryan Empire • Taxes, tolls, government monopolies, fees provided revenue • Administrative districts, large imperial army • Standard coinage • Capital at Pataliputra

40. Ashoka • Expanded empire, but witnessed brutality in conquest of Kalinga. • Converted to Buddhism. Preached nonviolence and religious toleration. • “Pillars of Asoka”

41. Commerce and Culture in an Era of Political Fragmentation • Dynastic disputes, expenses, and attacks led to Mauryan collapse • Power changed hands for the next 500 years • Economic, cultural, and intellectual achievement • Ramayana and Mahabharata, Bhagavad-Gita • Science and technology • Tamil kingdoms in frequent conflict

42. Target: Gupta Empire (320-550 CE) • Capital at Pataliputra • Chandra Gupta (r. 320-335) • Important trade routes, agricultural productivity, iron deposits. • Standing army • Theater-state • Math - CONCEPT OF ZERO AND DECIMAL SYSTEM • Medicine-Vaccination for smallpox

43. Few archaeological remains • Decline in the status of women • Lost right to inherit property, banned from studying sacred texts, sati

44. Religion • Hinduism • Reassertion of importance of caste system and Brahmin priests • Religious tolerance • Commerce • Sought ports on Arabian Sea, decreased trade with Roman Empire, increased trade with Southeast and East Asia. • Collapsed by 550 under Hun pressure • Deccan Plateau followed an independent path

45. Essential Questions • How did Hinduism evolve meet the needs of the people? • What is the significance of Ashoka? • What happened between the Maurya and Gupta rule? • What were the accomplishments of the Gupta Empire?

46. Agenda • Bell ringer • Review India • Southeast Asia • Closure • Primary source books

47. Review • How did Hinduism evolve meet the needs of the people? • What is the significance of Ashoka? • What happened between the Maurya and Gupta rule? • What were the accomplishments of the Gupta Empire?

48. Essential learning: southeast asia (50-600 CE)

49. Objectives • Assess how key geographic features of Southeast Asia affected its development. • Describe how Hinduism and Buddhism came to influence Southeast Asia. • Describe how rulers incorporated Indian knowledge and personnel to enhance power. • Describe how Funan rose as an economic power.

50. Essential Questions • How did key geographic features of Southeast Asia affect its development? • How did Hinduism and Buddhism influence Southeast Asia? • How did rulers incorporate Indian knowledge and personnel to enhance power? • How did Funan rise as an economic power?