Behavior II : Terms and Applications

1. Behavior II : Terms and Applications

2. 70 60 50 40 Average grade on Midterm 2 30 20 10 0 attend class 1 missed quiz 2+ missed quizes Midterm Come to Class, PASS the class

3. Calculating your grade • Each Test Grade * 0.252. Quiz average * 0.253. Add everything up! Example Tests: 67, 75Quiz average: 88 Scaled Scores Tests: 16.75, 18.75 Quiz average: 22 Sum: 57.5 Maximum grade:57.5 + 25 = 82.5

4. Goals: • Understand what Behavior is. • Be able to identify types of movement and orientation • Understand various types of Learning • Be familiar with examples of various behavioral strategies Read Chapter 41 (big book) or 28 (little book) Websites: http://www.ex.ac.uk/bugclub/raiders.html http://www.nature.com/nsu/011101/011101-6.html http://www.desertusa.com/mag98/sep/stories/kbees.html http://bees.ucr.edu/ http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/Plants_Human/bees/bees.html http://insects.ummz.lsa.umich.edu/michodo/test/home.htm http://powell.colgate.edu/wda/Beginners_Guide.htm http://fly.to/dragonflies

5. Review of Communication Terms & Concepts Pheromones Chemical released by an individual of a species to elicit a response from another (usually of the opposite sex) of the same species: benefits both sender and receiver. Kairomones: Chemicals Released by one species that elicit a response in individuals of another species which favors the receiver Allomones (Allo = other) Chemicals released by one species that elicit response in an individual of another species which favors the sender

6. Mullerian mimics: Batesian mimics: imitate other poisonous individuals, creating a recognizable “distasteful type” look like distasteful organisms, even though they, themselves are harmless Review of Communication Terms & Concepts Poisonous Non-poisonous

7. http://ag.udel.edu/departments/ento/staff/Tallamy/tallamy.htmhttp://ag.udel.edu/departments/ento/staff/Tallamy/tallamy.htm Tactile Communication:Use of touch to elicit behavioral response Advantages · Little risk of noise (misinterpretation) or interception · Sender has high confidence that message was received Disadvantages · Have to be in contact! · Risk: Remember…You’re in striking distance

8. Combination Communication: Using all of the media • - Visual • Acoustic • Chemical • Tactile

9. What is Behavior? • What organisms do… the ways in which an organism adjusts to and interacts with its environment • Regulation of bodily status using movement Does Behavior Have a Common Denominator?

10. What is Behavior? The Battleship Analogy ·Genetics:The Blueprint of the ship and all of its components ·Anatomy, Biochemistry, Physiology:The finished battleship, complete with all moving parts ·Behavior:The Captain / decision making personnel and how they chose to use the ship ·Ecology & Evolution:The Battleship environment and whether the ship is a winner or is sunk.

11. Anthropomorphism: - Ascribing human purposes or qualities to other animals

12. Nerves

13. Seta Human Visual Spectrum Nerves Mechanoreceptors Photoreceptors Photoreception Chemoreception

14. Nerves Reflex arc:physiological link between a sensor through a part of the central nervous system

15. Movement What is Movement? Physical transport through nervous coordination Types of movement: • Postural: Maintaining a spacial relationship without displacement/distance • Manipulative: Moving something in the environment • Locomotory: Displacement and/or distance under own power • Phoretic: Displacement using another organism. “Hitching a ride.”

16. Movement What Behaviors do insects use when foraging for resources? • Taxis (Directed Search): Headings are selected with a left/right bias • Phonotaxis- Orienting toward sound • Chemotaxis- Orienting toward a smell • Phototaxis- Orienting in relationship to a light source • Anemotaxis- Orienting in relationship to wind Kinesis (Indirect Search): New headings are selected at random · Arrestment is important

17. Rhythms of behavior Nocturnal – Night time activity Diurnal- Daytime Activity Crepuscular- Evening activity Circadian – Circa (about), dies (day). A rhythm that lasts approximately 24 hours Circannual – Yearly rhythm

18. Types of Behavior • Innate (Instinct):Genetically inherited disposition • Learned:Behavioral response is altered as a result of experience. • Mechanistic:Nervous fixed-action pattern. Once started, difficult (or even impossible) to stop

19. Learning What is Learning? Changes of behavior mediated by experience Types of Learning · Imprinting: Time dependent ·Classical Conditioning: Pavlov’s dog · Operant Conditioning: Trial and Error · Cognition: Organism creates an internal understanding of world or past experience

20. Learning Home Home Can insects learn? ·Fruit flies learn new hosts ·Bees and Wasps return to their homes · Most insects avoid toxic foods

21. Behavior is functional and evolutionary The Behavior • The individual • Genetic- Developmental- Physiological Reproduction? From Alcock- Animal Behavior

22. Behavior is functional and evolutionary Sexual Selection:Evolution of traits that give an individual an edge when competing for mates

23. Ways humans can manipulate animal behaviors Types of tools 1. Attractants2. Arrestants3. Repellents4. Noise5. Combinations

24. Coordination: Killer Bees • Correct name: Africanized Honey Bee, Apis mellifera scutellata • African bees were imported to Brazil in 1956 to breed hybrid bees better-adapted to tropical climate • Escaped quarantine in 1957 and bred with “native” species -- honeybees are not native to the New World. They were originally brought by European colonists

25. Which is which? Killer bees New hybrid bees-- Africanized Honey Bees -- are slightly smaller than the European bees 3/8-1/2 inch long...but only an expert can tell them apart Killer bees European bees FABIS - Fast Africanized Bee Identification System Bee sample taken Wings measured Probable positive? DNA analysis

26. Killer bees • Earned the name “killer” due to the fact that they, unlike native bees, will attack in a swarm, and will attack under less provocation • Doesn’t have to be a physical disturbance to “set them off”: vibrations from vehicles, pedestrians, and noise may cause attacks • Bees may remain agitated for 24 hours after the disturbance, attacking people and animals up to 1/4 mile from the hive

27. When foraging for pollen, however, they are no more likely to sting than native bees. Killer bees • They do NOT have stronger venom, and can only sting once, like native bees • However, they are 10 times more likely to sting, when disturbed, and react faster (0.3 seconds vs. 9.2 seconds for the European Honeybee). • Why do Killer bees proliferate? • Africanized bees (AHB) are less choosy about hive placement • They swarm more often (move to a new hive) • They develop faster, and produce more larvae

28. First US swarm: October 1990, Hidalgo, Texas Jesus Diaz was the first subject of a bee attack while mowing his lawn, in May 1991. He suffered 18 stings and was hospitalized 82 year old Lino Lopez was the first US casualty of killer bee attacks on July 15, 1993, with more than 40 stings. Between Sept. 1986-Sept. 1991, there were over 1,000 stingings, resulting in 58 human deaths in Mexico AHB have caused over 300 deaths in Venezuela, 176 deaths in Mexico, 191 attacks on Texans (2 deaths), multiple attacks in Arizona (2 deaths) and 2 attacks in California Some victims received over 1,000 stings..

29. Killer bees • The biggest danger is to beekeepers, as AHB may enter European colonies and hybridize, causing a normal colony to suddenly become aggressive • Additionally, they may produce less honey, as their comb structure results in smaller cells. A row of 10 European bee cells is over 5cm in length. 10 AHB cells are less than 4.9 cm in length • On average, honeybees add $10 billion to crop values each year, and produce about $150 million worth of honey

30. Currently, AHB inhabit only areas of New Mexico, Texas, Arizona and California. They move northward at about 100-300 miles per year August 1999 Killer bees • Bees should be treated with caution: beware of refuse piles and optimal hive locations: cracks and crevices in walls, holes in trees, etc. • Bees target the head, so duck and run for shelter. Bees can follow odors, and will wait above water for you to come up for air • If you are stung in excess of 15 times or have symptoms other than local pain and swelling, seek medical help, immediately • Remove stingers immediately, by scraping with a blunt instrument --tweezers will empty the venom into the skin

31. Dragonflies belong to one of the most “primitive” (oldest) insect orders: Odonata • Dragonflies are the “cheetahs” of the insect world • Bats and sparrowhawks are the only other animals fast enough to maneuver in flight to catch insect prey. Austrophlebia costalis has been clocked at speeds up to 98 km/h (downhill) 57.9 km/h = max on a level plane. Cheetahs = max 60 km/hr Coordination: Fast food • As fast as we perceive raptors to be, most only land on their prey, rather than scooping it from the air.

32. Dragonflies can hover, fly straight up and down, and backwards, sideways and forwards, just like a helicopter • Dragonflies beat their 20-40 times per second • They have huge, compound eyes and aerodynamic grasping legs • Most other insects beat their wings 200-1,000 times per second

33. I observed two large ants, the one red, the other much larger, nearly half an inch long, and black, fiercely contending with one another. Having once got hold they never let go, but struggled and wrestled and rolled...incessantly. Looking farther, I was surprised to find...that it was not a duellum, but a bellum, a war between two races of ants, the red always pitted against the black...The legions...covered all the hills and vales in my wood-yard, and the ground was already strewn with the dead and dying, both red and black. It was the only battle which I have ever witnessed, the only battle-field I ever trod while the battle was raging; internecine war; the red republicans on the one hand, and the black imperialists on the other. On every side they were engaged in deadly combat, yet without any noise that I could hear, and human soldiers never fought so resolutely... Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) from Walden American writer

34. One of the simplest types of learning is termed habituation. It is defined as ignoring a continued stimulus that is not harmful. It is seen in its purest form in churches and college lecture halls. The stimulus in these cases is the human voice. --Vincent Dethier (1914(?) - 1993) To Know a Fly first director of the Neuroscience and Behavior Program at the University of Massachusetts Amherst (1986), a founder of the study of insect- plant interactions, National Academy of Sciences member (1965), Harvard Graduate, and U Mass professor from 1975-1993