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Studying Science

Studying Science. Chapter 1. Astronomy: The Original Science. Section 1 Vocabulary Astronomy Year Month Day. Introduction. Seasonal cycles of the stars, planets, and the moon to mark the passage of time Best times of year to plant and harvest crops Observatories Study of the universe

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Studying Science

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  1. Studying Science Chapter 1

  2. Astronomy: The Original Science • Section 1 Vocabulary • Astronomy • Year • Month • Day

  3. Introduction • Seasonal cycles of the stars, planets, and the moon to mark the passage of time • Best times of year to plant and harvest crops • Observatories • Study of the universe • Led to first calendars

  4. Our Modern Calendar • Based on the observations of bodies in our solar system • Time required for the Earth to orbit once around the sun • Roughly the amount of time required for the moon to orbit around the Earth • The time required for the Earth to rotate once on its axis

  5. Who’s Who of Early Astronomy • Helped people understand their place in the universe • Oral histories • Discovered with their eyes and minds • Stars edge of the universe • Ptolemy and Copernicus

  6. Ptolemy: An Earth-Centered Universe • 140 CE –book that combined all the ancient knowledge of astronomy that he could find • Ptolemaic theory • Earth was at the center of the universe and the other planets revolved around Earth (geocentric)

  7. Copernicus: A Sun Centered Universe • 1543-New theory that will eventually revolutionize astronomy • Sun is at the center of the universe (heliocentric) • Did not replace Plotemaic theory immediately • Coperinican Revolution

  8. Tycho Brahe: A Wealth of Data • Late-1500’s-several large tools to make the most detailed astronomical observations • Different geocentric model • Sun and moon revolve around Earth • Planets move around the sun

  9. Johannes Kepler: Laws of Planetary Motion • Brahe’s assistant –continued his work • Did not agree with his theory • 1609-all of the planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits and the sun is not in the exact center of the orbits. • 3 laws of planetary motion

  10. Galileo: Turning a Telescope to the Sky • 1609-one of the first people to use a telescope to observe objects in space • Craters and mountains on the Earth’s moon • Four of Jupiter’s Moons • Sunspots on the Sun • Phases of Venus • Not “Wandering Stars” but physical bodies

  11. Isaac Newton: The Laws of Gravity • 1687-all objects in the universe attract each other through gravitational force • Force of gravity depends on the mass of the objects and the distance between them • Explained why we travel around the sun

  12. Modern AstronomyEdwin Hubble: Beyond the Edge of the Milky Way • Two Milestones • Invention of the Telescope • Description of Gravity • Before the 1920’s –thought the Milky Way (our galaxy) included every object in space • 1924-proved that other galaxies existed beyond our galaxy • Computers help process data and control the movement of telescopes

  13. Telescopes • Section 2 Vocabulary • Telescope • Refracting Telescope • Reflecting Telescope • Electromagnetic Spectrum

  14. Introduction • Standard tool • Professional astronomers • Amateur stargazers • An instrument that gathers electromagnetic radiation from objects in space and concentrates it better for observation

  15. Optical Telescopes • Most common • Study visible light from objects in the universe • Helps to see so much more in the sky • Collects visible light and focuses it to a focal point for closer observation • The point where the rays of light that pass through the lens or that reflect from a mirror coverage

  16. Optical Telescopes • Simplest telescope has two lens • 1. Objective Lens- collects light and forms an image at the back of the telescopes • The bigger the lens • The more light can gather • 2. Second lens-located in the eyepiece of the telescope • Magnifies the image produced by the objective lens

  17. Refracting Vs. Reflecting Refracting Telescopes Reflecting Telescopes • Telescopes that use lenses to gather and focus light • Objective lens that bends light that passes through it and focuses the light to be magnified by an eyepiece • Two Disadvantages • Cannot be perfectly focused • Size is limited due to the objective lens • Telescope that uses a curved mirror to gather and focus light • Light enters the telescope and is reflected from a large curved mirror to a flat mirror • Flat mirror focuses the image and reflects the light to be magnified • Advantages • Mirrors can be very large • Prevents light from entering the glass • Focus all colors of light to the same focal point

  18. Refracting Vs. Reflecting Refracting Telescopes Reflecting Telescopes

  19. Very Large Reflecting Telescopes • Several mirrors work together to collect light and focus it in the same area • Hawaii • Twin telescopes • 36 hexagonal mirrors that work together • Linking several mirrors-more light to be collected and focused in one spot

  20. Optical Telescopes and the Atmosphere • Light gathered by telescopes on the Earth is affected by the atmosphere • Atmosphere • Causes starlight to shimmer and blur due to the motion of the air above the telescopes • Light pollution from large cities can make the sky look bright • Places for telescopes • Dry areas • Mountaintops

  21. Optical Telescopes in Space • Telescopes in space • Hubble Space Telescope • 2.4 meters across • Can detect very faint objects in space

  22. The Electromagnetic Spectrum • Visible light • Light that we can see • Not the only form of radiation • 1852-James Clerk Maxwell proved that visible light is part of the electromagnetic spectrum • Made up of all of the wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation

  23. Detecting Electromagnetic Radiation • Each color of light is a different wavelength of electromagnetic radiation. • We can see • Red light-long wavelength • Blue light-short wavelength • Rest of electromagnetic spectrum-radio waves, microwaves, infrared light, etc. • Atmosphere blocks most invisible radiation • Can pass through-radio waves, microwaves, visible light, etc.

  24. Nonoptical Telescopes • To study invisible radiation • Detect radiation that can not be seen by the human eye • Each type of radiation reveals different clues about an object

  25. Radio Telescopes • Detect Radio waves • Much larger than optical telescopes –radio waves are much longer than optical wavelengths • Most can be detected day and night • Does not have to be solid

  26. Linking Radio Telescopes • More detailed images • Work like on large telescope • Very Large Array • 27 radio telescopes • 30km

  27. Nonoptical Telescopes in Space • Most blocked by the earth’s atmosphere • Put a lot of them in space • Chandra X-Ray Observatory • Detects X-Rays • Much more sensitive

  28. Mapping the Stars • Section 3 Vocabulary • Constellation • Zenith • Altitude • Horizon • Light-year

  29. Patterns in the Sky • Ancient cultures connected stars in patterns • Named sections of the sky based on the patterns • Sections of the sky that contain recognizable star patterns • Help navigate and keep track of time • Different civilization-different names • Orion

  30. Constellations Help Organize the Sky/Seasonal Changes • A Region in the sky • Shares a border with its neighbor • Like states • Every star or galaxy is located within 1 of 88 constellations • As the Earth revolves around the sun, the apparent locations of the constellations change from season to season.

  31. Finding Star in the Sky • Astrolabe-can be used to describe the location of a star or planet-Used on relation to you • Need to know three points of reference • Zenith • Altitude • Horizon • If you want to describe a star’s location in a relation to the Earth, you need to use the celestial sphere

  32. The Path of Stars Across the Sky • Most stars and planets rise and set throughout the night-apparent motion is caused by the Earth’s rotation • Poles- the stars are circumpolar • Stars that can be seen at all times of the year and all times of night • They never set. • Different areas of the universe are visible

  33. The Size and Scale of the Universe • Looking out a car window at trees • Objects that are very far away do not appear to move at all • Same for stars and planets • 1500’s-Nicolaus Coperinicus noted that the planets appeared to move relative to each other but the stars did not • Thought that the stars must be much farther away than the planets

  34. Measuring Distance in Space • Copernicus was correct. • Light-Year-Unit of length equal to the distance that light travels in 1 year • 9.46 trillion kilometers • Farthest objects we can observe are more than 10 billion light-years away

  35. The Doppler Effect • Car Horn • Doppler Effect-also occurs with light • If a light source is moving quickly away from an observer, the light emitted looks redder than it normally does • Redshift • If a star is moving quickly toward an observer its light appears bluer than it normally does • Blushift

  36. An Expanding Universe • Hubble-analyzed the light from galaxies and stars to study the general direction that objects in the universe are moving • Light from all galaxies except our close neighbors is affected by redshift • Rapidly moving away from each other • All galaxies except our close neighbors are moving apart, the universe must be expanding

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