2004 DBQ Prompt

1. 2004 DBQ Prompt Do Now: 10 MC on Buddhism Based on the following documents, analyze the spread of Buddhism in China. What additional documents would you need to evaluate the extent of Buddhism's appeal in China?

3. Initial Rejection of Buddhism • China did not take to Buddhism right away • Commitment to a secluded life for Buddhist monks and nuns contradicted Chinese belief in strong family values • Focus on individual salvation and enlightenment = selfish and against Confucianism • China was focused on “this world” with Confucianism and were wary of the concept of infinite time with Buddhism

4. Buddhism Takes Hold in China When Han dynasty collapsed, people began to question Confucianism Many turned to Buddhism instead and liked its emphasis on compassion, morality, and meditation Rulers and elite families donated money to build Buddhist temples and monasteries

5. Buddhist Monasteries • Provided: • Accommodation for travelers • Refuge for people fleeing from China’s upheavals • Charity for the poor • Seeds for struggling farmers • Treatment and care for the sick • Education and books for children

6. Buddhist Backlash • As Buddhism grew, some criticisms and resistance arose: • Resentment of its enormous wealth • Threat to imperial authority of China • Still seen as “foreign” • Withdrawal of monks from society = against family-based values of Confucianism

7. Chinese Imperial Decrees Ordered monks and nuns to pay taxes Thousands of Buddhist monasteries and temples were destroyed or turned to public use State confiscated Buddhist land and property Buddhists forbidden to use gold, silver, copper, iron, or gems to make their images

8. What do you know about Buddhism in China? • Came into China across the Silk Route • Originated as Theraveda and became Mahayana • Appealed to the masses (why?) • People followed Bodhisatvas(those who attained enlightenment but remained to help others) • Buddhist had great conflicts with Confucians and Taoist: • Buddhism was a “foreign” religion • Buddhist monasteries did not pay taxes • Buddhist spent time away from their families meditating • Buddhist were exempt from military service (ahimsa) • Empress Wu made Buddhism state-sponsored religion • Buddhist were oppressed and monasteries burned

12. Lets break down doc 1 together Doc. 1. Four Noble Truths, 5th century B.C.E. The Four Truths are sorrow, craving, stopping sorrow, the way of stopping sorrow. POV: lst sermon of the Buddha, which was used to teach people why there is suffering and what to do about it. Analysis: Basic doctrine of Buddhism. There is equality of suffering and the ability to stop suffering. There are no duties to society, there is no hierarchy. NB: this doc. does not relate directly to responses to the spread of Buddhism in China • Source? • Meaning? • Theme? • Now its your turn

13. Doc. 2. Zhi Dun, Chinese scholar, ca. 350 CE [period of unrest, invasion by central Asian steppe nomads] In an era of “sensual pleasures,” a Buddhist who observes the way will reach Nirvana. POV: Zhi is a scholar who clearly admires Buddhism; who sees its value in correct observances in face of uncontrolled passion (sensual pleasures). He would pass his opinions on to the Chinese aristocracy at the time. Analysis: In times of upheaval, Buddhism presents a comforting worldview for Chinese scholars and aristocrats.

14. Doc. 3. Anon. Chinese Scholar, ca. 500 C.E., “The Disposition of Error” [end of period of unrest] In Confucian dialogue format, the scholar presents the arguments of the non-“Chinese-ness” of Buddha and the non-usefulness of Buddhist monks since they do not have wives and children. This scholar, however, feels that Confucius didn't have to explain everything, and “wives, children, and property are luxuries of the world” and replaced by goodness and wisdom. POV: the scholar knows both Confucian and Buddhist philosophies, and doesn't agree that Buddhism is in conflict with Confucianism or that it is destabilizing. Tone of document is conciliatory. Students may question the “anonymity” in a variety of ways. Analysis: There is a sense of accommodation, blending, or coexistence of the two philosophies. Doc. be used to show existence of conflict, or used to extract Confucian criticisms of Buddhism at the time.

15. Doc. 4 Han Yu, Imperial Tang advisor, 819 C.E., “Memorial on Buddhism” Buddhism is .a cult of barbarian peoples”; the relic of his finger is “foul”; the Buddhist crowd might “mutilate their flesh” in offerings to Buddha. The Emperor should not participate in the procession; Buddhism should not be allowed to .delude the masses.” POV: leading Confucian scholar who sees Buddhism as evil, anti- Confucian, and illegal (“does not conform to our laws”). As a Confucian scholar, his position and livelihood is vested in Confucianism remaining dominant, especially with the civil service examination system, which provides access to government jobs. Analysis: Buddhism is foreign and therefore “evil”. It is also potentially destabilizing (the crowd, the masses will be uncontrollable).

16. Doc. 5 Zong Mi, Buddhist scholar, Tang dynasty , 9th c. C.E, “On the Nature of Man” All teachings (Buddhism, Daoism, Confucianism) should be accepted and acceptable. POV: As Buddhism is under attack at the court (see doc. 4) this scholar is trying to make the case-perhaps to the Emperor--that Buddhism is not a threat to traditional Chinese social and political structures. This has a slightly defense tone to it. Analysis: He argues for the equality of beliefs and the social/political usefulness of all of the philosophies. Zong must emphasize that Buddhism poses no threat to the social order in order to counter Confucian arguments that Buddhism is destabilizing. (argument similar to Doc. 3)

17. Doc. 6, Tang Emperor Wu, 845 C.E., “Edict on Buddhism” Imperial edict abolishing Buddhism, because it is foreign; monks and nuns are useless parasites; because it is evil and destabilizes the family and the society. POV: This is an official Imperial edict. The emperor has been persuaded that Buddhism is a threat to the Chinese economy, laws, family, social structure and to his own status as well (the monasteries are grander than the palace!). Analysis: The emperor has been persuaded that Buddhism is antithetical to Confucianism, which is native Chinese (and therefore good). He uses the historical and the xenophobic argument

18. Sample “7” Thesis As Buddhism spread from India to China beginning in the first century C.E., it was met with mixed results. Many Chinese accepted Buddhism and defended its policies while others scrutinized Buddhism’s absence from past texts and used it as a scapegoat for political and social problems. Still others remained indifferent, wishing to meld the aspects of belief systems in China to create a unique Chinese culture. Documents 2 and 3 defend and support Buddhism in China, while documents 4 and 6 scrutinize it and discourage its spread. Documents 1 and 5 neither encourage nor discourage the religions spread, but provide a third perspective on how it should be dealt with. An additional document that shows the actual numbers of converts to Buddhism during this time, preferably in a graph, would be useful in determining whether or not the worries of the authors in documents against Buddhism were grounded.

19. Synthesis Buddhism accounts as the third largest faith in the world today. Compromise is a value which is assuredly difficult given that you have to give up something to get something. While the Song Dynasty syncretically mixed Buddhism with Taoism and Confucianism in schools to create Neo-Confucianism, conservatives and liberals after the election should seek solutions to the divide and acrimony which exists. Many American history scholars speculate that the most recent election (2018) is as divisive along party and ideological lines as 1850. The latter resulting in the American civil war. President Lincoln once stated that “ a house divided cannot stand” and the motto on our currency E Pluribus Unum derived from Latin means out of many come one. Perhaps. Moving forward, the United States can stand United and remain stable and work on its troubles or fall like that of the Tang due to similar problems of immigration, acrimony, foreign policy and corruption