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Memory

Explore the molecular mechanisms, brain structures, and duration of memory, from iconic to long-term potentiation. Learn how memory storage occurs through engrams and posttetanic potentiation. Discover the phases of memory processes and the different types of memory, including declarative and nondeclarative. Delve into the impact of retrograde amnesia and the case of Patient H.M., shedding light on memory storage in stages and processes like encoding, consolidation, and retrieval. Uncover the classification of long-term memory types and the importance of associative learning.

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Memory

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  1. Memory ability to accept information to store to recall, to retrieve information from NS

  2. Memory vs learning • Engram • Memory is not homogeneous • Duration, persistence • Brain structures • Molecular mechanisms

  3. Molecular mechanisms • Posttetanic potentiation (short term potentiation) Long term potentiation LTP

  4. Posttetanic potentiation A hight rate of stimulation of the presynaptic neuron A gradual increase in the amplitude of the postsynaptic potential Postsynaptic potential increases in size = potentiation The enhancement in the strength of the synapse represents storage of information about previous activity It can lasts minutes but can persist for an hour. An elementary form of memory

  5. Posttetanic potentiation Large Ca2+ influx. Saturation of the various Ca2+ buffering systems (ER, mitochondia) Temporary excess of Ca2+ is called residual Ca2+. Concentration of free Ca2+ affects the amount of transmitter released

  6. Long term potentiation LTP

  7. NMDA – glutamate receptor

  8. Long term potentiation LTP Glutamate synapse

  9. Long term potentiation LTP Increase in the sensitivity and number of postsynaptic AMPA receptors retrograde messenger (NO)

  10. Long term potentiation LTP Presynaptic part retrograde messenger (nitric oxide) Postsynaptic part NO initiate an enhancement of transmitter release that contributes to LTP

  11. Long term potentiation LTP Increase in the sensitivity and number of postsynaptic AMPA receptors retrograde messenger (NO) New synapses

  12. Temporal phases of memory(based on different biological mechanisms)

  13. Iconic (visual) echoic (auditory) – reflect the activity of sensory buffers, continuation of sensory neural activity Short-term memories – last for seconds up to a minutes Intermediate-term memory – for hours or days Long-term memory – weeks, months, years, for the rest of the life of an organism (permanent memory) Working memory (short-term or intermediate-term) – is limited by the use of information

  14. Retrograde amnesia A person who has been knocked unconscious selectively loses memory for events that occured before the blow This supports a model of Memory storage in stages

  15. A scheme of memory processes that includes encoding, consolidation and retrieval

  16. Long term memory Pacient H.M.

  17. H.M. was taught to trace between two outlines of a star while viewing his hand in a mirror

  18. Regions of the human brain that have been implicated in the formulation of long-term declarative memories. A lateral view of the brain shows the levels of the transverse sections Cross sections in two levels

  19. Explicit memory is stored in association cortex Explicit knowledge involves at least four distinct processes: Encoding - incoming information must be perceived Consolidation – newly stored information is labile, to make it more stable (expression of genes, structural changes Storage- to retain over time, almost unlimited capacity Retrieval – to bring different kinds of information together, it is constructive process, subject to distortion

  20. Declarative Explicit Nondeclarative Implicit Episodic Store events autobiographical Semantic Non associative Associative learning Long term memory classification

  21. Epizodic-like memory test

  22. Declarative Explicit Nondeclarative Implicit Epizodic Store events autobiografic Semantic Store facts Non associative Associative learning Long term memory classification

  23. Morris water maze

  24. Blue velvet arena

  25. Epizodic-like memory test

  26. Declarative Explicit Nondeclarative Implicit Epizodic Store events autobiografic Semantic Store facts Non- associative No relationbetween two or more stimuli,behavior and its consequence are not related to. Associative learning Long term memory classification Habituation Sensitization Imprinting

  27. Long term memory nondeclarative nonassociateve Habituation

  28. Long term memory nondeclarative nonassociateve Sensitization Imprinting

  29. Declarative Explicit Nondeclarative Implicit Epizodic Store events autobiografic Semantic Store facts neasociativní associative learning – relationbetween stimulus-responsetwo or more stimuli, events, behavior – its consequence Long term memory classical conditioning instrumental, operant conditioning (standard or motor learning) conditioned taste aversion priming

  30. Classical conditioning Ivan Petrovič Pavlov

  31. Classical conditioning Sir Charles Scott Sherrington

  32. Standard operant conditioning

  33. Standard operant conditioning

  34. Priming

  35. Priming ABSENT INCOME FILLY DISCUSS CHEESE ELEMENT

  36. Priming

  37. Priming (ovlivnění odhadu) ABS INC FIL DIS CHE ELE

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