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Neoclassical Art in France. Understand the formal elements of classical art and their revival in 19 th century. Examine the adaptation of classical and mythological subject matter. .
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Neoclassical Art in France • Understand the formal elements of classical art and their revival in 19th century. • Examine the adaptation of classical and mythological subject matter.
Figure 26-24 ANGELICA KAUFFMANN, Cornelia Presenting Her Children as Her Treasures, or Mother of the Gracchi, ca. 1785. Oil on canvas, 3’ 4” x 4’ 2”. Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond (the Adolph D. and Wilkins C. Williams Fund).
26-23A ANTON RAPHAEL MENGS, Parnassus, painting on the ceiling in the Villa Albani, Rome, Italy, 1761. Fresco, 10’ X 20’.
Figure 26-25 JACQUES-LOUIS DAVID, Oath of the Horatii, 1784. Oil on canvas, approx. 10’ 10” x 13’ 11”. Louvre, Paris.
18th Century – Neo-Classicism • Napoleon in his Study • 1812 • Paris, France • Artist: David • Surrounded by objects to celebrate his accomplishments Napoleon attempted to portray himself as a Roman Emperor
Jacques-Louis David Death of Socrates Paris, France 1787 Classical objects were inspired by those found in Pompeii
Figure 26-26 JACQUES-LOUIS DAVID, The Death of Marat, 1793. Oil on canvas,. 5’ 5” x 4’ 2 1/2”. Musées Royaux des Beaux-Arts de Belgique, Brussels.
Neoclassical Architecture and Sculpture • Examine classical revival in architecture and how it was used in Western Europe and the United States (Federal style). • Observe the influence of Palladio on Neoclassical architecture. • Recall the significance of the discovery of Pompeii and Herculaneum on Neoclassical art • Analyze Neoclassical sculpture for its classical references and stylistic qualities
Figure 26-27 JACQUES-GERMAIN SOUFFLOT, Pantheon (Sainte-Genevieve), Paris, France, 1755-1792.
Figure 26-28 RICHARD BOYLE and WILLIAM KENT, Chiswick House, near London, England, begun 1725.
26-27A HORACE WALPOLE and others, Strawberry Hill, Twickenham, England, 1749–1777.
Figure 26-28A James Stuart, Doric portico, Hagley Park, Worchestershire, England, 1758.
26-29 HENRY FLITCROFT and HENRY HOARE, the park at Stourhead, England, 1743–1765.
Figure 26-23 ROBERT ADAM, Etruscan Room, Osterley Park House, Middlesex, England, begun 1761. Victoria and Albert Museum, London.
Jean-Antoine Houdon Voltaire Paris, France 1778marble18 7/8 in. high Voltaire was a master of Enlightenment philosophy – here he is seen in old age
Figure 26-32 JEAN-ANTOINE HOUDON, George Washington, 1788-1792. Marble, 6’ 2” high. State Capitol, Richmond.
Figure 26-33 HORATIO GREENOUGH, George Washington, 1840. Marble, 11’ 4” high. Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, D.C.
The Neoclassical in the United Statesa.k.a. Federal Style • Examine Neoclassical or Federal Style as the national style of architecture in the United States in the early 19th century.
Figure 26-30 THOMAS JEFFERSON, Monticello, Charlottesville, United States, 1770–1806.
Figure 26-31 THOMAS JEFFERSON, Rotunda and Lawn, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 1819-1826.
Jacques-Germain Soufflot The Panthéon (Sainte-Geneviève) Paris, France 1755-1792 Originally a church turned into a Temple of Reason under Napoleon – now a mausoleum
Karl Gotthard Langhans Brandenburg Gate Berlin, Germany 1788-91 Similar to triumphal arch and temple facade
Religious Freedom/Separation • The most advanced affirmations of religious liberty at the time of the founding of the republic, Thomas Jefferson’s Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom (submitted to the Virginia legislature in 1779 and enacted 1786) and James Madison’s Memorial and Remonstrance Against Religious Assessment (1785), were not widely known until our century. • Even the hallowed phrase that the First Amendment built "a wall of separation between church and state" saw the light of day not in a court ruling or piece of legislation, but in a letter from President Jefferson to the Danbury, Connecticut, Baptist Association in 1802. • It was in 1878 in the Mormon polygamy decision that the Supreme Court accorded this principle legal recognition.
Religious Freedom/Separation • During the 19th century, evangelical Protestants saw separation as a cornerstone of American freedom -- but interpreted it in the light of their own pre-eminent position in society. • It kept the Catholics away from public education, so the evangelicals used it to keep religions “unlike theirs” out of government. • But as pluralism increased and evangelical predominance eroded, a broader understanding of the limits of religious freedom became necessary. • Accordingly, more and more evangelicals have reacted against the doctrine, and some now completely reject it. For instance, Christian television talk show host Pat Robertson angrily declared on the "700 Club" in October 1981 that the wall of separation between church and state was a concept recently created by the federal courts, not the Founding Fathers, and that it was "a deliberate attempt to bring the United States into line with the Constitution, not of the U.S., but of the U.S.S.R."
Religious Freedom/Separation • There are a number of ways in which evangelicals are whittling away at the doctrine of separation, and in effect are "standing the founding fathers on their heads.“ • However, they are all based upon the myth that ‘America is a Christian nation” and that the Founding Fathers were all Christian. • However, these statements are patently false as shown by the following quotes, art works and ideals put forth in the founding times of our nation
Roger Williams • “No civil state or country can be truly called Christian, although the Christians be in it.” • Roger Williams, founder of Rhode Island Colony, 1648
Robert Ingersoll • The hands that help are better far than lips that pray. • Nothing could be more idiotic and absurd than the doctrine of the trinity. • Robert Ingersoll, American Civil War Veteran, Politician 1868
Thomas Jefferson • "Believing with you that religion is a matter which lies solely between man and his God, that he owes account to none other for his faith or his worship, that the legislative powers of government reach actions only, and not opinions, I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their legislature should 'make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof,' thus building a wall of separation between church and State." • -Thomas Jefferson, letter to Danbury Baptist Association, CT., Jan. 1, 1802
Thomas Jefferson • "And the day will come when the mystical generation of Jesus, by the supreme being as his father in the womb of a virgin will be classed with the fable of the generation of Minerve in the brain of Jupiter." • -Thomas Jefferson, Letter to John Adams, April 11, 1823 • It is between fifty and sixty years since I read the Apocalypse, and I then considered it merely the ravings of a maniac, no more worthy, nor capable of explanation than the incoherences of our own nightly dreams.... what has no meaning admits no explanation.-- Thomas Jefferson, to Alexander Smyth, January 17, 1825 • "Shake off all the fears of servile prejudices, under which weak minds are servilely crouched. Fix reason firmly in her seat, and call on her tribunal for every fact, every opinion. Question with boldness even the existence of a God; because, if there be one, he must more approve of the homage of reason than that of blindfolded fear."
Thomas Jefferson • "I have examined all the known superstitions of the world and I do not find in our particular superstition of Christianity one redeeming feature. They are all alike founded on fables and mythology. Millions of innocent men, women, and children, since the introduction of Christianity, have been burnt, tortured, fined, and imprisoned. What has been the effect of this coercion? To make one half the world fools and the other half hypocrites; to support roguery and error all over the earth."
Thomas Jefferson –Separation of Church and State • "Believing with you that religion is a matter which lies solely between man and his God, that he owes account to none other for his faith or his worship, that the legitimate powers of government reach actions only, and not opinions, I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their legislature should 'make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof,' thus building a wall of separation between Church and State." --Letter to the Danbury (Conn.) Baptist Association, January 1, 1802
Religions and Taxes - Jefferson • "[T]o compel a man to furnish contributions of money for the propagation of opinions which he disbelieves, is sinful and tyrannical; that even the forcing of him to support this or that teacher of his own religious persuasion, is depriving him of the comfortable liberty of giving his contributions to the particular pastor whose morals he would make his pattern, and whose powers he feels most persuasive to righteousness....Be it therefore enacted by the General Assembly, That no man shall be compelled to frequent or support any religious worship, place or ministry whatsoever, nor shall be enforced, restrained, molested, or burthened in his body or goods, nor shall otherwise suffer on account of his religious opinions or belief; but that all men shall be free to profess and by argument to maintain their opinions in matters of religion, and that the same shall in no wise diminish, enlarge, or affect their civil capacities." --Excerpts from Jefferson's Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, 1786
