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Programming Languages • Programming Languages is a course that introduces students to some fundamental concepts in programming language design and implementation • Programming language are the medium of expression in the art of computer programming language. An ideal programming language will make it easy for programmers to write program succinctly and clearly.
Why Study Programming Languages? Programming languages are important for students in all disciplines of computer science because they are the primary tools of the central activity of computer science. • There is an idea: the structure of language defines the boundaries of thought. • To allow a better choice of programming languages. • To improve your ability to develop effective algorithms.
History Of Programming Languages • 1950 : LISP, FORTRAN • 1970 : Ada, C, Pascal, Prolog, Smalltalk • 1980 : C++, ML • 1990 : Delphi, Perl, Java • During 1970 : a lot of PLs were designed. • Early languages: • Numerically based languages (FORTRAN:55, ALGOL:58 ) • Business languages (COBOL:60) • Artificial intelligence languages ( LISP, Prolog ) • Systems languages ( C:70 )
The Evolution Of Programming Languages • A programming language is a notation for writing programs, which are specifications of a computation or algorithm. • Computer can understand only machine level language so it is categorize into three categories: • Machine languages • Assembly languages • Higher-level languages
Programming Language Standard • Procedural Languages are procedures, sequential execution of code are basic building blocks of program . • FORTRAN, BASIC, Pascal, C, ALGOL, COBOL, • Object-Oriented Program is designed around the objects required to solve the problem. • Smalltalk, Ada, C++, Java, C#. • Functional Languages is designed around the evaluation of functions, rather than modifying state. • LISP, Common Lisp, Dylan, Logo, Scheme, ML , Haskell.
Scripting languages (used for text processing, shells, HTML, CGI) Perl, Python , PHP , Ruby . Logic Program is declarative, based on mathematical logic Prolog
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