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????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ? ?????? ????? ? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ? ?????? ??? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ? ???? ?? ???????? ???? (???? ????? ?? ??? 14)????? ????? (??? 15-16)????? ??????? (??? 17-18)????? ????? ???? (??? 19-20)????? ??

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    2. ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????-???? ??????? ???? ?? ??? (?????????? ??? ? ?????? )

    3. ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ? ?????? ????? ? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? (???? ????? ?? ??? 14) ????? ????? (??? 15-16) ????? ??????? (??? 17-18) ????? ????? ???? (??? 19-20) ????? ??? ??????? ( ?? ?? ????? 11 ???????)

    4. ??? ?????? ????? ? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? 12 ????? ?? ????? ? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? (???? ?? ????? ???) ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???

    5. ???? ??? (???? ??????) ?? ????? ????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ??? ????? ? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? (????? ????? ????? ? ...) ? ???? ???? (???? ??????) ? ?????? ????? ????? (?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????????? ????????? ? ??????) (??? ????? ? ??????? ?...) ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ? ?????? ??? ???? (??????? ???????) ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? (??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ? ???? ??.???? ) ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ? ????? ? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???

    7. ????

    36. ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ? ?????? ?????? Ajami ? 1986 ???? ???? ? ?????:?? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ??????Smith? 1987 (????) ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ? ???? ????Daniel Brumberg? 1987 ??? ??? ?????Jahanbakhsh? 1989 ??? ????? ???? ? ??? ?? ?????: ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ? ?????Ahmad Abdullah Salamah? 1991 ??????????? ??? ???????? ? ???? ?????Amnesty? 1993 ??????? ????? ???? ?????: ??????? ????? ? ????? ??????? ? ???????Amnesty? 1993 ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? 1979 ?? 11 ??????? 2001

    44. 1- ???? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ? ?????­??? ???? 63? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? 1377. 2- ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? (19950 ?? 2006 ?) ? ???????? ???? ????? 1387 3- ???? ???? ????? ? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ? 1388 4- ???? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ? ?????? ? ????? ? ???? ????????? 5-???? ????? Hawzah.net 6- ???? ???? ?????? ????? www.islamic-college.ac.uk

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