藏羌武术

1. 藏羌武术

2. Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is known as the "roof of the world", the Tibetan ancestors since time immemorial, distributed in the Yalu.Tibet cloth River cross-strait, nomadic. This magical nation not only created the Tibetan culture, but also create Tibetan martial arts many amazing. 青藏高原素有“世界屋脊”之称，藏族的先民自远古时就分布于雅鲁藏布江中游两岸，以游牧为生。这个神奇的民族不仅创造出了藏族文化，也创造出了许多令人惊叹的藏羌武术。

3. Tibet ancient times is a tribal area, "mkas-pavi-dgav-ston" records: the earliest in Tibet have more than ten larger tribes, among them there are bows and arrows, and axe, sling, a shield. At last, the ten tribes, formed eighteen '1000 zone'. With the intense tribal war. When a tribal property stimulated by another tribe of greed, the use of force as a means of plundering the wealth. Tribal war, is an important factor to promote the further development of martial arts from the hunting skills into the military skill. The tribal war requires people to master certain skills of Wu Yi, the people in order to survive and develop, always put all the skills in combat was handed down to future generations, therefore, the emergence of the "warrior" education, make Wushu become conscious, purposeful, organized social activities. 西藏远古时期是个多部落的地区，《贤者喜宴》记载：西藏最早有十余个较大的部落，在它们之中 先后出现了弓箭、刀斧、投石器、甲盾等。最后在十个部落的基础上，形成了十八个‘千户区’。伴随而来的是激烈的部落战争。当一个部落的财产刺激了另一个部落的贪欲时，使用武力就成为掠夺财富的一种手段。部落战争的出现，是促进武术由狩猎技能进一步发展成军事技能的重要因素。部落战争要求人们掌握一定的武艺技能，人们为了生存和发展，也总是把战斗中获得的一切技能传给后人，因此，出现了“武士”教育，使武术成为有目的、有意识、有组织的社会活动。

4. 臧羌武术的发展1 One, in the Qin and Han Dynasties, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Qiang, in hunting and struggle, and gradually formed a unique kind of nomadic Qiang of --. 1，远在秦汉时期，世居青藏高原的羌族，在狩猎和斗争中，逐步形成了游牧民族特有的拳种——羌术。 Two, 112 years BC, the Qiang people in the village captured this combination, the emperor sent troops to attack Lee rate 100000, Wu Qiang people, who retreated to the area to the west of Qinghai lake. The Chinese Xining Xiping Pavilion, Ledu to break the Qiang County, and source as the supervisor of the Qiang County, "Hu Qiang Xiao Wei" cling to the border. Only 136 - 165 years, the Han Dynasty and the Qiang people's war, up to 10 years, during this period, "Qiang" has also been developed. 2，公元前112年，匈奴联合羌人攻占今居寨，汉武帝派李息率兵10万，进攻芜人，羌人败退至青海湖以西地区。汉设西宁为西平亭，乐都为破羌县，惶源为监羌县，置“护羌校尉”固守边寨。仅136—165年，汉王朝与羌人的战争，就达10年之久，在此期间，“羌术”也得到了发展。

5. Three, the Jin Dynasty, the area occupied by the Xianbei Tuyuhun, they used the "Qiang", and the development of this adaptation of the nomads boxing. At that time, promulgated the "Qishe make" not only pay attention to force, advocate the practice riding and shooting skills, and take various measures to encourage the development of martial arts, and. According to "sweater M. D Wei "set:" Tuyuhun, humanity with, to milk for food, good learning work horses, to shoot for a living." In a class struggle and national contradiction in ancient society, there is a close relationship between Wushu and military training; with the development of productive forces, provides the necessary material conditions for the development of wushu. Wushu and primitive religion, music, dance and have a close relationship. In the labor and tribal clashes in the riding, archery, climbing, jumping, martial arts action, long weapon fighting, and more than high far, light foot, a good walk arm fight martial arts techniques etc.. 3，晋代，上述地区为鲜卑族吐谷浑所占，他们沿用了“羌术”，并发展了这种适应游牧民的拳种。当时颁布的《骑射令》不仅重视武力，提倡练习骑射技能，而且采取各种措施，鼓励和发展武功。据《衫M。D卫》载：“吐谷浑，人性劲悍，以乳为食，好习功马，以射猎为生。”在充满阶级斗争和民族矛盾的古代社会，武术与军事训练有密切关系；随着生产力的发展，为武术的发展提供了必要的物质条件。武术还与原始的宗教、音乐，舞蹈有着密切的关系。在劳动和部族械斗中，产生了骑术、射箭、攀登、跳跃等练武动作，长短兵器的格斗，以及逾高超远、轻足善走、袒臂搏斗等武术攻防技术。

6. 骑射 射箭 骑术

7. Four, the Tang and the Five Dynasties, vomit a dynasty was stronger, and throughput Valley Hun nationality, military expansion, has ruled the country in the northwest, and the Tang Dynasty. The arrival of Princess Wencheng, brought many followers warrior, promote the development of Tibetan martial arts. With the tribal fights and military life, Tibetan absorbed "advantages of the Qiang", combined with the extended rough fierce boxing road in the nation, develop into Tibetan martial arts full of local characteristics and nomadic ethnic characteristics. 4，唐五代后，吐着王朝一度强盛，并吞吐谷浑族，进行军事扩张，曾统治了祖国的大西北，并和唐王朝通婚。文成公主进藏时，带去了许多随从武士，促进了藏族武术的发展。随着部族械斗和军事生活的需要，藏民吸收了“羌术”的优点，结合本民族粗扩剽悍的拳路，发展成富有地方特色和游牧民族特色的藏族武术。

8. Germination of Tibet Wushu, the earliest can be traced back to the Neolithic age. In Changdu, Lhasa Qu Gong card if the site has unearthed stone knives, spears. Drigum tsenpo and Budde Gun Gio kings dominion of the tribe, samurai armor and weapon (with sword and bow) armed, make Wushu activities step more advanced age. Drigum tsenpo "often make men and try to fight", and to force the contest as Luo and A Mu. "Luo Amu to the golden spear 200, tied to the 100 head of cattle back cattle back button, all carry dust bag, cattle Bo hit each other, dust bag collapse, smoke, Luo A Mu is waiting to zap onslaught, mock test can rich struggle, and often. With the development of history, to the Tubo Period, with the characteristics of Tibet martial arts to spread, drill fist, knife, sword, bow and crossbow wrestling, grappling art, Folk Wushu tends to sports. King Song Xan Gan Bbu "later succeed to the throne of Xiao Wu, many Yinglve". Wu Yi high strength, advocating martial arts, which in the early formation of Tibet Wushu effect. Chinese Historical Records said Tibetans advocating the spirit is very strong, "said one more Dao", "everyone with a sword," no war is also negative sword in hand, people often practise fencing fencing ability, progress. In the black lamas teach about martial arts master Damour from Tibet legend, with similar records in Tibetan Scriptures teach "Damour method". Tibet has long had a traditional martial arts, in a painting in Ali Dynasty ruins Zhuoma pulls Kang temple, also depicted wearing armour, left hand holding a shield, right hand holding the arms warrior practice martial arts. Zanda Tuolin Temple frescoes in some people in the cross-legged meditation, breathing some luck, in the stretch boxing arm stretch, practicing boxing etc.. 臧羌武术的发展2 1，西藏武术的萌发，最早可追溯到新石器时代。在昌都卡若、拉萨曲贡遗址均有石刀、石矛出土。止贡赞普和布德贡吉时代二王统辖的部落中，武士已用盔甲和战具(剑和弓)武装起来，使武术活动步进较为先进的时代。止贡赞普“常令属下与之比武试能”，并强令臣下罗阿木与之比武。“罗阿木以金矛200支，拴在100头键牛背上，牛背皆驮灰袋，牛群互相博击，灰袋崩散，烟尘弥漫，罗阿木乃伺机向赞普进击，比武试能富有斗争性，且经常进行。随着历史的发展，到吐蕃时期，具有西藏特色的武术得以流传开来，演练拳、刀、剑、弓弩角抵、擒拿术等，民间武术趋于体育化。藏王松赞干布“弱冠嗣位，性骁武，多英略”。武艺高强，崇尚习武，这对早期西藏武术形成产生了影响。汉文史籍言吐蕃人崇尚的精神很浓，说人“多佩刀”，“人皆用剑”，不战亦负剑而行，人们常练习剑术，进步击剑能力。在喇嘛教的黑教中有关武术宗师达摩源于西藏的传说，在藏族经书《达摩法教》有类似记载。西藏很早就有了传统武术，在阿里古格王朝遗址卓玛拉康寺内的一幅画中，也描绘了身着恺甲，左手持盾、右手持兵器的武士练习武功。札达托林寺的壁画中则有人在盘膝打坐，运气吐纳，有的在伸拳舒臂、习练拳术等。

9. Yuan, Ming Dynasty, Tibetan man must have 3 brave Wu Yi, namely: hand-to-hand combat strength, the ability to travel across the river, like a bird and flexible fingers (a variety of martial arts), its fitness in Tibet pop. 2，元、明朝时，藏族男子必须具备3种英勇的武艺，即：肉搏战斗的体力、旅游渡河的本领、像鸟一样灵活的手指(各种武功)，其健身法在西*藏流行。 3，清朝时，武术在西藏进一步普及，中国历史博物馆所藏 清中叶宋源所绘《拉萨图》中，即有一藏族青年在习练武术。驻藏大臣文干在《初四定日阅操》中说：短兵白刃试击刺，长矛大盾纷腾骧，弧矢之利尤所重，能者破的猿臂张。 In Qing Dynasty, martial arts further popularization in Tibet, the Museum of Chinese history in Middle Qing dynasty song source "Lhasa map" painted, namely a Tibetan youth in martial arts. Ambans paper dry in the "day day" Yuecao said: short soldiers hand-to-hand tried to pierce, spear shield Fen Teng Xiang, sagittal and benefit especially heavy, can break the monkey arm zhang. 4，当时的清朝驻藏军队就在藏中习武成风从而推动了藏族地区武术的发展。 At the time of the Qing Dynasty stationed troops in martial arts in the possession of the wind so as to promote the development of Tibetan areas of martial arts. 5，民国年间，青海拉卜楞寺喇嘛曾表演过拳术、铁杠、木马等。 During the Republic of China, Qinghai Labrang monastery Lama played boxing, iron bars, such as the trojan.

10. 臧羌武术的存在 Said Tibetan martial arts "Quan Ba", also called "lou". Ancient Tibetan Dynasty palace, the ceremony and the banquet, not only a variety of song and dance performances, is also a soil between martial arts school. According to Tibetan classics "nest" the soft is satisfied: "zed" in the "American Bar" and "long Gong ba". "American Bar" refers to the practice of fire power. As naked as when one was born, do the pubic region of the gas. Work practice, "the body of light, not cold in winter, not into the fire, and not into the"; "long Gong Ba" is to cater to the needs of the futon, sit, read nerve, naked jump, kick boxing, sweating, began to work to finish. Kung Fu practice, as light as a feather, there is the soil is feasible, camouflage protection. Tibetan "ongkor Festival" has a long history, according to the "king of birds" wild geese flying south, held harvest celebration activities, warrior holding "dada" (tied with Hatta wood) place a week later, the wrestling, sword fighting competition, the winner gave Hatta a three party, satin. According to "Tibet Chi" set: the lunar January fifteen, the Tibetan religious ceremonies, horse racing, wrestling, martial arts, also wearing a mask dance, to celebrate the auspicious. "Valley field through", "drought rain" or offering "OBO", the grassland around dozens of animal husbandry account, "Wen conch sound" and "sacrifice", held after the horse racing, archery, wrestling, martial arts, and other activities; and to reform the original "Qiangdi" accompaniment for the "drum dance" the performance form. "Spit" to make "warrior just" (ball), "Duoshenke" (stone cake) to practice martial arts. At that time, Tibet has a lot of "hook Zomba" (Bodyguard) people, they are known as good Tibetan Dao, bows and arrows, stones, cable, and other instruments. 藏语称武术为“拳巴”，也叫作“则娄”。古代藏王朝宫廷，在礼仪庆典和宴会中，不仅有各种歌舞表演，也有武术甲土校间。据藏文经典《柔乃纳窝》所述：“扎隆”中有“美功巴”和“隆功巴”。“美功巴”指练火功。赤身裸体，练丹田之气。功练成后，“身上发光，冬不冷，水火不入，刀枪不进”；“隆功巴”是吐纳术，坐蒲团曰念神经，裸体跳跃，足踢拳击，大汗淋漓，始为功毕。功夫练成，身轻如燕，有遁土可行、隐身防护的说法。藏族“望果节”历史悠久，据载“鸟王”大雁南飞时，举行庆丰收活动，武士高举“达达”（拴着哈达的木杆）绕场一周后，则进行角力、斗剑等竞赛，得胜者赐哈达一条，绸缎三方。据《西藏志》载：正月十五，藏族举行宗教仪式后，进行赛马、摔跤、武术等表演，还戴面具舞蹈，以庆吉祥。“谷场巡行”、“天旱求雨”或者祭“俄博”时，草原上周围数十里牧帐，“闻螺号声”而至，举行“祭奠”后，即举行赛马、射箭、武术、摔跤等活动；并改革原以“羌笛”伴奏为“击鼓起舞”的表演形式。“吐着王”令武士制作“刚里”（毛球）、“多什科”（石饼）等以练武功。当时西藏曾出现许多“勾松巴”（保缥）的人，他们以擅长藏刀、弓箭、弹石、索嫖等器械著称。

11. 藏族的很多节日庆祝活动也充满武术的影子。据《西藏志》载:正月十五藏族宗教仪式后，还要进行赛马、摔跤、武术等表演。在“谷场巡行”、“天旱求雨”或者祭“俄博”时，草原上周围数十里牧帐，“闻螺号声”而至，还会举行赛马、射箭、武术、摔跤等活动。目前，在藏族人民的语汇中也有不少有关武术器械的词，如:古浪(藏马)、打什吉后(鞭棍)、拉只(短剑)、多什吉后(套索)、多希侯(线锤)、东(矛)、大伊(弓箭)、唉什恰(炮石)等，说明藏族人民的武术活动史的确是源远流长的。藏族的很多节日庆祝活动也充满武术的影子。据《西藏志》载:正月十五藏族宗教仪式后，还要进行赛马、摔跤、武术等表演。在“谷场巡行”、“天旱求雨”或者祭“俄博”时，草原上周围数十里牧帐，“闻螺号声”而至，还会举行赛马、射箭、武术、摔跤等活动。目前，在藏族人民的语汇中也有不少有关武术器械的词，如:古浪(藏马)、打什吉后(鞭棍)、拉只(短剑)、多什吉后(套索)、多希侯(线锤)、东(矛)、大伊(弓箭)、唉什恰(炮石)等，说明藏族人民的武术活动史的确是源远流长的。 Tibetan celebration is also full of many martial arts. According to "Tibet Chi" set: the lunar January fifteen Tibetan religious rituals, but also for horse racing, wrestling, martial arts. In "Valley field through", "drought rain" or offering "OBO", the grassland around dozens of animal husbandry account, "Wen conch sound" and will hold horse racing, archery, wrestling, martial arts, etc.. At present, the Tibetan people's vocabulary is also a lot of martial arts equipment words, such as: Gulang (Tibet), playing what Kyrgyzstan (whip stick), pull only (dagger), after Duoshenji (lasso), Doshi Hou (line hammer), East (spear), Dayi (arrows), alas. It (gun stone), that the Tibetan people's martial arts history is long.

12. Tibetan and Qiang Wushu now mostly by the dance form known to outsiders. The most representative is the martial arts.Dance "Kersh few, black Su", meaning "jump armour" dance song, dance, commonly known as "Kai Dance "," jump armor". This is an ancient ritual customs dance, is held a grand funeral for the war dead, a national hero or prestigious elderly dance, mainly popular in northern Maoxian, Blackwater is the edge of the copycat. Jump helmet dance consists of several people to more than a dozen people, dancing to Dai Pikai.A hand-held weapons, respectively, against the dance, dancing bells jingle, weapons, roar loudly, show death.Are combat martial spirit, make the rough honest ancient customs vividly reproduced. 现在的藏羌武术大多以舞蹈的形式为外人所知。最有代表性的是武术舞蹈“克什几·黑苏得”，意为“跳恺甲”舞时唱的歌，舞蹈俗称“恺甲舞”、“跳盔甲”。这是一种古老的祭祀风俗舞，是为战死者、民族英雄或有威望的老年人举行隆重葬礼时跳的舞蹈，主要流行于茂县北部、黑水等比较边缘的山寨。跳盔舞一般由几人到十几人组成，跳舞者要头戴皮恺甲，手持兵器，分列对阵而舞，兵器飞舞，铜铃叮当，吼声震天，表现死者作战时的威武气概，使粗犷淳朴的古代民风跃然再现。

13. 目前，在青藏地区藏族人民的语汇中，有不少有关武术器械的专有名词，如古浪（藏马）、打什吉后（鞭棍）、拉只（短剑）、多什吉后（套索）、则松木东M叉）、多希侯（线锤）、东（矛）、大伊（弓箭）、唉什恰（炮石）、多日结（魔柠）等。这说明藏、羌族人民的武术活动史确是源远流长的。目前，在青藏地区藏族人民的语汇中，有不少有关武术器械的专有名词，如古浪（藏马）、打什吉后（鞭棍）、拉只（短剑）、多什吉后（套索）、则松木东M叉）、多希侯（线锤）、东（矛）、大伊（弓箭）、唉什恰（炮石）、多日结（魔柠）等。这说明藏、羌族人民的武术活动史确是源远流长的。 • At present, in the area of the Tibetan people's vocabulary, there are proper nouns of many of the martial arts equipment, such as Gulang (Tibet), playing what Kyrgyzstan (whip stick), pull only (dagger), after Duoshenji (lasso), Matsuki To M (fork), Doshi Hou line hammer), East (spear) Dayi (arrows), alas, what exactly (gun stone), many nodes (Magic lemon). This shows that Tibetan, Qiang people in martial arts history is long.

14. Tibetan martial arts and the Central Plains Wushu, originated from the primitive hunting and later the tribal war, and has formed rich connotation in the long-term development. From the perspective of today, Tibetan martial arts can be roughly divided into three categories: one is the military martial arts, martial arts two religious, three is the folk wushu. 藏族武术和中原武术一样，起源于原始时期的狩猎活动及后来的部落征战，并在长期的发展中形成了丰富的内涵。用今天的眼光来看，藏族武术大致可分为三类：一是军旅武术，二是宗教武术，三是民间武术。

15. 1，关于藏族的军旅武术，我们目前可以通过保存在藏西、藏南的大量岩画看到藏族军队当年习武练兵的盛况。世界史诗之最、藏族史诗《格萨尔》也生动地描绘了征战于沙场的高强武艺，如凌空飞驰的马术，劈天盖地的刀术，随心如意的鞭术，目不暇接的剑术，威力无比的箭术等。根据敦煌出土的藏族文献和历代汉族文献记载，自藏族王朝以来，藏民族习武之风盛行，上至国王大臣，下至普通百姓，皆崇尚武技，这种尚武之风也为宗教武术和民间武术的发展创造了重要的社会条件。1，关于藏族的军旅武术，我们目前可以通过保存在藏西、藏南的大量岩画看到藏族军队当年习武练兵的盛况。世界史诗之最、藏族史诗《格萨尔》也生动地描绘了征战于沙场的高强武艺，如凌空飞驰的马术，劈天盖地的刀术，随心如意的鞭术，目不暇接的剑术，威力无比的箭术等。根据敦煌出土的藏族文献和历代汉族文献记载，自藏族王朝以来，藏民族习武之风盛行，上至国王大臣，下至普通百姓，皆崇尚武技，这种尚武之风也为宗教武术和民间武术的发展创造了重要的社会条件。 The Military Martial Arts of Tibetan, we can see the Tibetan army was saved martial arts training event in a large number of rock reservoir West, Zangnan at present. The world of the Tibetan epic epic, "Gelsall" also vividly depicts the strength Wu Yi play on the field, such as a flying horse, tremendous daoshu, follow you whip of dizzying, fencing, archery, powerful. According to the unearthed in Dunhuang Tibetan literature and history of Han literature, since the Tibetan Dynasty, Tibetan martial arts of the prevailing wind, the ministers of the crown, down to the ordinary people, are advocating martial arts, this martial wind also create important social conditions for the development of religion and Folk Wushu martial arts.

16. The Tibetan people's oral, the world's longest epic "Gelsall", was born in the early end of the primitive society to class society, the system reflects the ancient Tibetan tribal society, and also reflects the rich connotation of Tibet primitive tribe of Tibetan traditional sports. Gelsall is the Tibetan history the last great military strategist and outstanding sports. In the "Gelsall" epic vividly depicts the strength Wu Yi Gelsall wang. His play on the field, exercise in horses, suddenly send volley flying horse, tremendous daoshu, follow you whip, mighty cudgel, the warfare of the rope, a plethora of archery, martial spirit with exquisite skills of swimming in a body, with his "hand grasping the stone arm strength training, to vigorously bison for rival", "sword sharp cold light flash, supergroup motion can draw knife to charge", left the amazing martial arts myth to posterity. • 藏族人民口头传唱的，全世界最长的史诗《格萨尔》，诞生于原始社会末期至阶级社会早期，系统反映了古代藏族部落社会面貌，也反映出西藏原始部落藏族传统体育的丰富内涵。格萨尔是藏族历史上一个了不起的军事家和杰出的体育家。在《格萨尔》史诗中生动描绘了格萨尔王的高强武艺。他征战于沙场，演习于兵马之中，忽而寄凌空飞驰的马术，劈天盖地的刀术，随心如意的鞭术，威力无比的棍术，赛风战战的绳术，目不暇接的箭术，蛟龙戏水的泳术于一身的尚武精神，他凭借“手抓铁石练臂力，把大力野牛作对手”，“宝刀犀利寒光闪，拔剑持刀想冲锋”的超群运动才能，给后人留下了神话般的惊人武功。

17. The Tibetan religious martial arts is a general term, refers to spread in Tibetan monasteries and religious activities closely martial arts. The famous Tibetan Tripitaka "tengyur" in the big five are exquisite, exquisite Ming is divided into special skills and exquisite, exquisite is divided into eight general physiognomy and 64 kinds of skills, these 64 skills also includes 30 kinds of body technique, the 30 body technique and martial arts are more than 20 kinds. According to records, the Monastic Education of Tibetan Buddhism, the monk education has always been one of the essential contents, the monk is called "Duotu", they are unlike the monks can hair, can carry a weapon, usually in the martial arts exercise, take to maintain order, protect the temple duties. 2，藏区宗教武术也是一种泛称，指流传于藏区寺庙并与宗教活动紧密结合的武术。著名藏文大藏经《丹珠尔》在大五明中存有工巧明，工巧明下分为特殊技巧和一般工巧，一般工巧分为八相术和64种技艺，这64种技艺又包括30种身技，这30种身技中与武术有关的则有20种之多。另据记载，在藏传佛教的寺院教育中，武僧教育历来是必不可少的内容之一，这类僧人被称为“朵图”，他们与众僧不同之处在于可以留发，可以佩带武器，平时从事武术锻炼，担负有维持秩序、保护寺院的职责。

18. Folk Wushu spread more widely in the Tibetan areas, this kind of martial arts is mainly related with the hunting activities, representative instrument with Tibetan Dao, whip, dagger, line hammer etc.. Nineteen eighties medium have been sporadic about Tibetan Dao Qinghai Wushu digging the whole work, for a more detailed study, even the management center of the National Wushu professionals think of is a blank. 3，民间武术在藏区流传更为广泛，这类武术主要与狩猎活动有关，代表器械有藏刀、鞭杆、短剑、线锤等。20世纪80年代中期青海武术挖整工作后曾有关于藏刀的零星介绍，至于更详细的研究，连国家武术运动管理中心的专业人士都认为是一项空白。

19. The end Thanks your attention