Considerations to Launch a Nuclear Power Program Daw S Mosbah Arab Atomic Energy Agency Tunis

1. Considerations to Launch aNuclear Power Program Daw S MosbahArab Atomic Energy AgencyTunis

2. Motivations • Overall Growth in Demand for Energy • Linkage between energy and development • Energy Security / Self-Reliance • Energy Diversity • Economics • Low operational costs relative to other forms of power • Emissions / Global Warming

3. Electricity Production Costs cents per kWhr) Oil 8.09 Gas 7.51 Coal 2.21 Nuclear 1.72 05

4. Increasing Nr. of countries considering introduction of nuclear power Operating Considering

5. Overview • A decision to build NPP requires: good planning, preparedness, investment in human and financial resources • The difference between NPPs and other PP is possessing and dealing with nuclear materials • The decision must based on strong commitment that the nuclear energy used exclusively in peaceful applications and with high standards of safety and security • This commitments require building sustainable national infrastructure

6. Overview • Infrastructures include: • “hard”; material facilities, site, grid, radioactive waste equipments • “soft”; legislative, regulatory and administrative frameworks, human and financial resources development • activities and arrangements needed to implement the project • All partners in the project interested that the national infrastructure needed should be available • developing a nuclear program requires commitment of many subjects and activities related with infrastructure sustainability during the operation, decommissioning and disposal of radioactive waste for about 100 year

7. Sound nuclear infrastructure • Is a key to successful construction/operation of NP • 19 issues to be tackled Infrastructure WS 5-7 November 2007

8. Infrastructure Issues for Nuclear Power Program • National Position • Nuclear Safety • Management • Funding & Financing • Legislative Framework • Safeguards • Regulatory Framework • Radiation Protection • Electrical Grid • Human Resources Development

9. Infrastructure Issues for Nuclear Power Program • Stakeholder Involvement • Site & Supporting Facilities • Environmental Protection • Emergency Planning • Security & Physical Protection • Nuclear Fuel Cycle • Radioactive Waste • Industrial Involvement • Procurement

10. Key steps to follow • From “policy decision to consider NP” to “start of operation of first NPP” : will be at least 7-16 years Declaration of interest in nuclear as an option ENERGY PLANNING Phase 1: 1-3 years • Development of knowledge of commitment/obligation & Assessment (national capacity, role of government..) • Milestone: Formal Intention To Implement Nuclear Power Program Phase 2: 3-7 years Start implementation of INFRASTRUCTURE BUILDING PLAN… • Milestone: Invitation To Bids Issued Phase 3: 3-6 years • First Project Contract Signed CONSTRUCTION of the FIRST NPP • Milestone: Ready for Criticality and Operational Testing

11. Need step-by-step decision-making to reach • Requires long term commitment of the nation • Technology and market will evolve with time • Jumping into advanced stage without establishing balanced infrastructure : may eventually retard the whole process Potential risk of missing elements: • Commitment by the Government & prospective Operator • Definition of the role of government and private sector • Human resources development • Public acceptance • Licensing framework etc.

12. Phases and Milestones • Nuclear power option included within the national energy strategy First phase: 1-3 years Considerations before a decision to launch a nuclear power programme is taken • MILESTONE 1 • Ready to make a knowledgeable commitment to a nuclear programme • Second phase: 3-7 years • Preparatory work for the construction of a NPP after a policy decision has been taken • MILESTONE 2 • Ready to invite bids for the first NPP • Second phase: 3-6 years • NPP implementation • MILESTONE 3 • Ready to commission and operate NPP

13. MILESTONE 1 Ready to make a knowledgeable commitment to a nuclear programme MILESTONE 3 Ready to commission and operate the first NPP MILESTONE 2 Ready to invite bids for the first NPP Maintenance and continuous infrastructureimprovement Infrastructure development program PHASE3 Activities to implement a first NPP PHASE 2 Nuclear power option included within the national energy strategy PHASE 1 Preparing for assuming commitments & obligations Pre project Project decision making Construction 1st. NPP Project Operation / decommissioning Commissioning Bidding process Feasibility study  7 – 15 years INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME Considerations before a decision to launch a nuclear power programme is taken Preparatory work for the construction of a NPP after a policy decision has been taken

14. Main issues to reach milestones In each Phase 19 major issues to fulfil for reaching the corresponding milestone Each issue requires specific actions during each phase

15. Infrastructure issues and milestones Infrastructure WS 5-7 November 2007

16. Summary of Conditions to achieve the milestones

17. First phase : Considerations Before a Decision to • Launch a Nuclear Power Program is Taken • Outline • Assess implications of launching nuclear programme • Understand the commitment and obligations • Develop nuclear energy strategy • Assessment • National/regional energy plan (& non-electric application) • Assessment of various energy options • Assessment of viability of nuclear option • Understanding the need for development and establishment; • Legal and regulatory framework • Human resources development plan • Financial and operational modality for the ownership/Operation • Industry capability development & localization • Fuel cycle strategies (procurement policy, disposal etc • Nuclear power : required long-term commitment and stable policy

18. 2nd phase : Policy decision for NP project ~ start of construction • Outline • Ensure the necessary level of technical/institutional competence is achieved • Assessment • Confirm viability of NP by feasibility study • Establish framework and capabilities • Enact legal framework • Establish regulatory body • Decide financial and operational modality for the ownership and implementation of NPP project (design assessment, establishing user requirement, tendering bid, bid evaluation) • Evaluate available technology • Tender bid & Bid evaluation etc.

19. Positive support Stability Commitment Clarity Credibility Openness Honesty Security Reputation What does a national position need to show

20. National Position • Commitment of resources • Commitment to ensure Legislation in place • Commitment to ensure human resources are developed • Commitment to international obligations • Commitment for a long time • Coordination of all activities • NEPIO

21. National Position • Consensus between all parties • Public awareness of the need • Nuclear benefit to national prosperity • Technology benefits apparent • Essential to ensure overall coordination • Essential to ensure stable and long term framework • Essential to ensure plans are in place for all eventualities

22. Nuclear Energy ProgrammeImplementing OrganisationNEPIO • Established at High Government Level • Strong Support across government and industry • Adequately funded and staffed • Clear Mandate • Defined timescale for achievement (max. 24 months)

23. Nuclear Energy Programme Implementing Organisation (NEPIO)

24. Safety Fundamentals 10 Fundamental Safety Principles • Responsibility for safety • Role of government • Leadership and management for safety • Justification of facilities and activities • Optimization of protection • Limitation of risks to individuals • Protection of present and future generations • Prevention of accidents • Emergency preparedness and response • Protective action to reduce existing or unregulated radiation risks

25. nuclear legislation • To ensure control over nuclear material, facilities and any other radioactive material • To ensure that nuclear energy and its applications are exclusively used for peaceful uses. • To ensure that nuclear facilities, nuclear materials and any other radioactive material are handled and operated safely and securely through a system of regulatory control. • To ensure that compensation mechanisms are in place in case of nuclear damage

26. International legal instruments

27. Safeguards • Establish a State System of Accounting for and Control of nuclear material(SSAC) • Provide information to the Agency • Facilitate access by Agency • Cooperate with the Agency

28. Regulatory Framework • Authorization (Licensing) Process • Review and Assessment • Inspection • Enforcement • Development of Regulatory Approach, Regulations and Guides • Information and Public Communication

29. NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE Natural Uranium Disposal International Atomic Energy Agency

30. Human Resource Development • Knowledge and skills needed to support a nuclear programme identified by NEPIO • A HR Development Plan • How many people do we need in order to consider having a nuclear power programme?

31. action plan for education • A list of required skills and competences has to be elaborated, • resulting in a « human resources development plan » : • Training needs, at engineers and technical staff levels • Scheduling training with nuclear project (procurement, building, operating) • Human resources policy : • how to select future staff of the nuclear program ? • how to fix motivating salaries ? • Analyse local education system • Evaluate level of local graduations (technicians, engineers, doctors) • Prepare adaptation of existing local training courses to nuclear requirements need to be matched with country education system, and socio-cultural context, in order to manage successfully the know-how transfer :

32. Skills requirements • Required competences during the different project phases correspond to the list of skills allowing finally a safe and efficient operation of the nuclear plant, including reactor running under all circumstances • Operators in charge of the control room will have to deal with thermo-hydraulics, command-control, neutronics, and crisis management • Examples of skills and competences : • Nuclear Safety, on site auditing, documentation management, • Operations • Engineering support , modification, • I & C, equipment & system testing, computerised system & equipment, • Maintenance functions including valves, vessel & piping, isolation, machining unit, welding, spare part management, non destructive testing, • Chemistry, environmental control, Radioprotection, industrial safety • Organisation administration, training and qualification, Emergency Preparedness

33. Manpower Requirements at the Peak during NPPP Construction and Commissioning

34. HR in Project phases Signature of the contracts, construction Tender preparation, tender, negotiation , site preparation Preparation phase Commissioning feasibility study N 11 N -1 N 0 N 2 N 5 N 6 N 9 First connection to the grid Legal and Regulatory frameworks Work under Project team leadership • Nuclear programme planning and procurement choice. Involved bodies : • Safety authority • Operator, owner and responsible of the nuclear plant • Consortium between local and foreign industries Industrial phase of the project Training development

35. Human Resources planning Signature of the contracts, construction Tender preparation, tender, negotiation, site preparation Preparation phase Commissioning feasibility study N 11 N -1 N 0 N 2 N 5 N 6 N 9 First connection to the grid Phase 4 : Hiring Phase 9 : Beginning of engineers training in safety, radioprotection, running, maintenance Phase 3: Job task analysis & description, required skills Phase 8 : Training center Construction Phase 2 : Definition of the structure of organization & administration, completion of “skilled surroundings” Phase 6 : On site training Phase 7 : Training center design, including a full scope simulator Phase 1: Gap analysis of the local education, identifying additional education needs and know how transfer Phase 5 : Basic training for operating staff, trainers, managers (local & abroad)

36. The AAEA • It is a sub organization of The Arab league. Established in 1989 • 13 Arab states are members of AAEA • Promote peaceful application of atomic energy through many activities; training, CRPs, meetings and conferences….. • The structure of AAEA is similar to that of IAEA; General Conference, Executive Council

37. League Of Arab States(22 Countries) Gulf Countries: UAE KSA Qatar Oman Bahrain Kuwait Other Arab Countries : Lebanon Syria Jordan Palestine Yemen Iraq African Countries: Algeria Morocco Tunisia Libya Egypt Sudan Somalia Djibouti Comoros Mauritania Only 13 countries are memberes in AAEA Population 312 Million

38. The objectives of AAEA • Coordinate among member states in the field of peaceful applications of atomic energy. • Suggest and sponsor many coordinated research projects between Arab States in different fields of atomic energy applications; such as agriculture, industry, medicine and environment. • Assist in manpower development and scientific information concerning nuclear sciences. • Set up unified Arab regulations for radiation protection, nuclear safety and security and safe handling of radioactive materials.

39. The objectives of AAEA • Encourage innovation and the patents in the field of peaceful uses of atomic energy and encourage their applications taking in consideration the safety and security needs. • Support Arab Scientists in the field of nuclear science and technology to attend relevant conferences, seminars and symposia related to the peaceful uses of atomic energy. • Organize and sponsor relevant Arab and regional conferences. • Cooperate effectively with relevant regional and international organizations.

40. Types of activities • These activities include; training courses, co-ordinated research projects, experts meetings, scientific visits, on-job training, workshops, conferences, seminars and expert missions. • Contributing in knowledge and technology transfer in nuclear field by providing the universities and colleges with proper curricula. • Publishing and translate many books in different fields of nuclear sciences • Publishing a quarterly newsletter

41. Training subjects • Research reactors and their applications • Modeling of nuclear accidents and their effects in the environment and public health • Non- destructive testing and their application in the industry • Medical preparedness for radiation accidents and recycling the radioactive wastes • Use of stable and radioactive isotopes in hydrology and water resources management • Radiation protection in nuclear medicine centers and radiotherapy

42. Training subjects • Safety and security of radioactive sources • Use of radioactive isotopes in the assessment of residual pesticides and insecticides in plant crops • Use of nuclear techniques in creating a productive and high quality agricultural species • Accelerators and their different applications • Use of nuclear techniques in elemental analysis • Food irradiation and methods of detecting irradiated food • Study of radioactive and chemical pollution • Radioactive treatments for polymers for industrial and medical use

43. The Coordinated Research Project • It is project put by experts in a certain field according to the needs of sustainable development in the Arab countries and to the human resources and technologies available . • The country interested in participating in the CRP assign a national coordinator. • The CRP implemented by available capabilities in the country and it is possible to share the labs and techniques in other country through AAEA • The national coordinators meet annually and discuss their findings, compile the results and put a progress report. • The CRP supported by many activities: training, expert missions scientific visits, …..

44. CRPs • Study of chemical and isotopic characteristics of rain water • Determination of the sources of surface, ground and shallow water pollution using hydro chemical and isotopic methods • Using mutation technology and tissue culture in producing improved agricultural crops that resist drought and salinity • Fruit flies eradication using sterilized insects technology • Preparing standard reference material • Food safety and developing tools of detecting irradiated food • Using sewage water in irrigation

45. CRPs • Crops irrigation with saline and brackish water and biological resistance of salts in soil • Use of ionic accelerators • Study of trace elements in serum and blood and their relation with cancer diseases • Measurement of radon gas levels in homes • Arab project for non-destructive testing in industry (long-term project) • Electricity production and desalination using nuclear power • Radiation protection, early warning network and emergency plans

46. Refrences • TECDOC-1513 “ Basic Infrastructure for a Nuclear Power Project”, June 2006 • TECDOC-1522 “Potential for Sharing Nuclear Power Infrastructure between Countries”, October 2006 • TECDOC-1555 “Managing the First Nuclear Power Plant Project”, May 2007 • Brochure “Consideration to launch a nuclear power programme” , March 2007 • NE series guide NG-G-3.1 “Milestones in the Development of a National Infrastructure for Nuclear Power, September 2007